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Journal of Information Security and Applications

A hybrid quantum–chaotic image encryption scheme based on BB84 QKD for secure medical imaging

Fatemeh Dehghan Nasiri, Mohammad Javad Jannati, Mohammad Soleimani

Published Jun 27, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.jisa.2026.104556

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As the field of remote sensing advances quickly, the images from satellites are mostly utilized for different applications such as environmental monitoring, navigation, surveillance, etc. The most common approach to delivering security to the satellite images throughout the propagation from unauthorized access is by using image encryption techniques. Real-time images are challenging to process with conventional technologies because they include a diversity of information with significant prolixity, high correlation among neighboring pixels, and high uncertainty due to sensor noise and environmental conditions. Therefore, the present work focuses on the secured transmission of real-time satellite images with a high Signal-to-Noise ratio. In this work, we have developed a novel hybrid encryption method that combines a six-dimensional (6D) hyper-chaotic system with the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol for secure and efficient image transmission. The hyper-chaotic system enhances pixel scrambling and diffusion, reducing correlations in the image data, while BB84 ensures secure key exchange during transmission over Free Space Optics (FSO) channels. The integration of a 6D hyper-chaotic system with BB84 QKD protocol is capable of transmitting multichannel information in a single secured channel. The proposed technique is corroborated using a set of satellite images, as satellite images possess highly correlated information. In the proposed model, the original satellite images are taken for Gunupur, Odisha during the period of November 22, 2023, to January 23, 2024. These images’ information is confused by the hyper-chaotic system. Then, the permuted images are diffused to generate the scrambled image using the BB84 protocol. On the receiver side, the same information is recovered with reduced information loss using the proposed receiver module, which consists of an optical hard limiter followed by a low pass filter. The performance of the proposed scheme is tested via various quantitative assessments including entropy, mutual information, histogram, cross-correlation, and differential attack analysis. Performance metrics reveal robust security and high-quality reconstruction, achieving an entropy of 7.9976, a P S N R of 8.9967, and a B E R of 0.1111 for the Pepper image. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates resilience against differential attacks, with a U A C I of 34.6970 and an N P C R of 0.9973. The system is implemented using Optisystem 15.1 and MATLAB 2017a, and experimental results confirm superior performance compared to 22 existing techniques across various metrics, including entropy, mutual information, histogram analysis, and cross-correlation. This approach highlights the potential for secure real-time image transmission in optical networks while addressing challenges in satellite image encryption. • A unique image encryption algorithm is developed for real-time satellite image encryption using BB84 QKD protocol. • A 6D hyper-chaotic system is explored to provide a higher degree of security with reduced information loss. • A pixel scrambling process is performed using hyper-chaotic sequence to make the system more robust. • The performance of the network is analyzed under FSO channel for a link distance of 200 m.
In the age of digital technology, medical images play an important role in the healthcare industry, which aids surgeons in making precise decisions and reducing the diagnosis time. However, the storage of large amounts of these images in third-party cloud services raises privacy and security concerns. There are a lot of classical security mechanisms to protect them. Although, the advent of quantum computing entails the development of quantum-based encryption models for healthcare. There is a significant demand for resource-efficient, quantum-secure image encryption mechanisms that leverage existing classical infrastructure. Hence, in this paper, a novel quantum chaos-based encryption scheme for medical images has been introduced. The model utilizes bit-plane scrambling, a 3D quantum logistic map, quantum operations in the diffusion phase, a hybrid chaotic map, and DNA encoding in the confusion phase to transform the plain medical image into a cipher medical image. The proposed scheme has been evaluated using multiple statistical analyses and validated against more attacks such as differential attacks, known and chosen plaintext attacks with three different medical datasets, and theoretically, as well. Hence, the introduced encryption model has proved to be more attack-resistant and robust than other existing image encryption schemes, ensuring the secure storage of medical images in cloud environments.
Secure image transmission is increasingly vital in the digital era, especially against emerging quantum threats. This study proposes a hybrid image encryption scheme that integrates Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol with a combination of 7-dimensional (7D) and 2-dimensional (2D) hyperchaotic systems to achieve robust security. The BB84 protocol facilitates quantum-assisted key exchange, ensuring resistance to eavesdropping, while the hyperchaotic systems provide high entropy and complex randomness, utilized in a layered permutation-substitution encryption framework. The initial seeds for chaotic sequences are derived using a SHA-512 hash of both the input image and quantum-generated key, ensuring uniqueness and sensitivity. Experimental validation was conducted using several benchmark images. The information entropy values of the ciphered images reached up to 7.9993, indicating excellent randomness. Differential analysis showed high resistance to small perturbations, with NPCR exceeding 99.61% and UACI averaging around 33.47%, which meet standard security thresholds. Histogram and chi-square tests confirmed the uniform pixel distribution, with chi-square values below 280, satisfying the randomness criterion for 8-bit images. Furthermore, correlation coefficients of adjacent pixels dropped to near zero, evidencing effective decorrelation. The encryption scheme also demonstrated robustness to data loss, as shown by the successful decryption of partially corrupted cipher images. Robustness testing under partial data loss (200×200-pixel blocks) also demonstrated visual recoverability and algorithm resilience. Overall, the proposed BB84-assisted dual-hyperchaotic encryption scheme offers a secure and computationally effective solution for protecting sensitive image data, making it suitable for post-quantum secure communications.