This paper is part of the TheYKHC Theoretical Series: 'From Duality to Field: A Three-Dimensional Evolution of Universal Theory' Paper 1 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956491): Dual-Layer Light Invariance (2D — The Discovery of Duality) Paper 2 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956493): Why Spacetime is (3+1)-Dimensional (2.5D — Polygon Transcendence) Paper 3 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956499): Ki-Net Field Evidence (3D — Universal Field Completion) Foundation (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20955834): Genki Particle Dance — Why the Quantum Foam Dances V = N / D governs reality from the quantum vacuum to the cosmic scale. [Paper 1 — 2D: Discovery of Duality] Light is simultaneously wave and particle. This is not a paradox — it is the signature of a dual-layer universe governed by V = N / D. The Open-Close Structure of Ma (間) is the fundamental mechanism behind wave-particle duality. Phi2 perturbation is its mathematical expression.
This paper is part of the TheYKHC Theoretical Series: 'From Duality to Field: A Three-Dimensional Evolution of Universal Theory' Paper 1 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956491): Dual-Layer Light Invariance (2D — The Discovery of Duality) Paper 2 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956493): Why Spacetime is (3+1)-Dimensional (2.5D — Polygon Transcendence) Paper 3 (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20956499): Ki-Net Field Evidence (3D — Universal Field Completion) Foundation (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20955834): Genki Particle Dance — Why the Quantum Foam Dances V = N / D governs reality from the quantum vacuum to the cosmic scale. [Paper 1 — 2D: Discovery of Duality] Light is simultaneously wave and particle. This is not a paradox — it is the signature of a dual-layer universe governed by V = N / D. The Open-Close Structure of Ma (間) is the fundamental mechanism behind wave-particle duality. Phi2 perturbation is its mathematical expression.
This paper is part of the TheYKHC Theoretical Series: 'From Duality to Field: A Three-Dimensional Evolution of Universal Theory' Paper 1: Dual-Layer Light Invariance (2D — The Discovery of Duality) Paper 2: Why Spacetime is (3+1)-Dimensional (2.5D — Polygon Transcendence) Paper 3: Ki-Net Field Evidence (3D — Universal Field Completion) Related: Genki Particle Dance (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20955834) The series demonstrates that V = N / D governs reality from the quantum vacuum to the cosmic scale. [Paper 1 of 3 — 2D: The Discovery of Duality] Light is simultaneously wave and particle. This is not a paradox — it is the signature of a dual-layer universe governed by V = N / D. This paper presents the Open-Close Structure of Ma (間) as the fundamental mechanism behind wave-particle duality, demonstrating that phi2 perturbation is the mathematical expression of a universe that oscillates between coherence (N) and dispersion (D). The dual nature of light is the first empirical proof that V = N / D operates at the quantum scale.
We propose a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics based on the hypothesis that quantum entities possess two ontologically distinct components—particle and wave—that couple to spacetime through fundamentally different mechanisms. The particle component interacts with spacetime through conventional local, causal coupling, while the wave component exists on a topological plane structurally linked to spacetime's global geometric properties. This dual-mode coupling framework offers intuitive explanations for wave-particle duality, measurement-induced decoherence, quantum interference, and non-local correlations without invoking wavefunction collapse or observer-dependent reality. We outline the conceptual foundations, discuss how this framework resolves longstanding quantum paradoxes, and propose potential experimental tests.
Based on the quantum field theory and classical electromagnetic field theory, the behaviors of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were studied, and three dead-points and five paradoxes, like Lorentz-Compton paradox, non-conservation of the energy of the electromagnetic field before and after quantization due to a number of zero-point energy, the non-self-consistence of the wave-particle duality, etc, were discovered. Through analyzing these dead-points and paradoxes, we found that these paradoxes are related to each other, and all wrapped together. The core problem is the non-self-consistence in the theoretical system and the ambiguity in the mechanism of the wave-particle duality. Based on resolving the classical electromagnetic field into the electromagnetic element-waves according to the photons, a third kind of wave-particle duality, the particle-like characteristics of the classical electromagnetic field in structure, was put forward, and the structure of n-shape of three kinds of wave-particle duality was revealed. So, in wave-particle duality, the wave and the particle are staggered in existing time, or in existing form, either in imagination or in reality, and the third kind of wave-particle duality will be combined into a unit with the first kind of wave-particle duality, Einstein's wave-particle duality of light, and the second kind of wave-particle duality, de Broglie's wave-particle duality of matter particle. Hence, a self-consistent picture of wave-particle duality of light was set up, and three dead-points and five paradoxes of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were dispelled. In the last, a crucial experiment was designed for testing this picture.
Based on the quantum field theory and classical electromagnetic field theory, the behaviors of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were studied, and three dead-points and five paradoxes, like Lorentz-Compton paradox, non-conservation of the energy of the electromagnetic field before and after quantization due to a number of zero-point energy, the non-self-consistence of the wave-particle duality, etc, were discovered. Through analyzing these dead-points and paradoxes, we found that these paradoxes are related to each other, and all wrapped together. The core problem is the non-self-consistence in the theoretical system and the ambiguity in the mechanism of the wave-particle duality. Based on resolving the classical electromagnetic field into the electromagnetic element-waves according to the photons, a third kind of wave-particle duality, the particle-like characteristics of the classical electromagnetic field in structure, was put forward, and the structure of &pgr;-shape of three kinds of wave-particle duality was revealed. So, in wave-particle duality, the wave and the particle are staggered in existing time, or in existing form, either in imagination or in reality, and the third kind of wave-particle duality will be combined into a unit with the first kind of wave-particle duality, Einstein's wave-particle duality of light, and the second kind of wave-particle duality, de Broglie's wave-particle duality of matter particle. Hence, a self-consistent picture of wave-particle duality of light was set up, and three dead-points and five paradoxes of the electromagnetic field in the boundary of the classical environment and the quantum environment were dispelled. In the last, a crucial experiment was designed for testing this picture.
Legacy quantum mechanics relies on abstract probability distributions to explain Wave-Particle Duality, abandoning physical determinism in favor of Statistical Uncertainty. This manuscript resolves that anomaly by defining the Quantum Vacuum as a highly pressurized, structured fluid medium. Under the Electron Flow Model (EFM), elementary particles are not dimensionless mathematical points, but localized fluid solitons propagating through the Universal Vacuum Flux. Our analysis demonstrates that the observed interference patterns in the Double-Slit Experiment are generated by the Macroscopic Physical Bow Waves of the soliton. These Bow Waves sever and recombine after passing through the slits to create a standing wave interference pattern of Pressurized Ridges and Thermodynamic Troughs. The localized particle itself travels strictly through a single path, naturally surfing these pressure ridges to land on the detector screen. This framework moves beyond interpretation by establishing clear, Falsifiable Predictions that structurally distinguish the EFM from standard Quantum Mechanics: Viscous Damping: Predicts an additional mechanical channel of decoherence driven by dynamic fluctuations in the ambient pressure of the vacuum flux, scalable by the fluid bulk viscosity. Absolute Vacuum Pressure Shift: Suggests a measurable fringe compression in orbital cold-atom interferometry relative to sea level, driven by the absolute density of the vacuum flux. The v-Causal Temporal Limit of Delayed Choice: Establishes a concrete 0.51-picosecond switching threshold for tabletop delayed-choice experiments (48 m), scaling linearly to 12.6 nanoseconds at satellite-class baselines (1,200 km). The EFM predicts a physical persistence of the interference pattern—and a breakdown of quantum correlations—if measurement switching occurs faster than the finite acoustic transit time of the fluid tether. The Unified Fluid Cosmos Framework: This paper serves as Manuscript 21 Version 1 in the comprehensive series, Marabūt's Theory of Gravity. It presents the Electron Flow Model (EFM), a generative, fluid-dynamic framework designed to fundamentally replace Albert Einstein's General Relativity and standard Quantum Mechanics. The EFM shatters classical circularity with a single, undeniable foundational premise: Gravity is Pressure, not curvature, and not an intrinsic mass property. Published Manuscripts in this Series: Manuscript 01: The Push-Pull Mechanics of Vacuum Flux (The Foundational Framework) — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18874694 Manuscript 02: Resolving the Weyl Potential Anomaly — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19784494 Manuscript 03: Mechanistic Resolution of Jet Deflection in Cygnus X-1 — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19790983 Manuscript 04: Quantum Mechanics of Stellar Chain Reactions and EVGS Formation — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19801398 Manuscript 05: The Heliospheric Grand Data Matrix — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20128776 Manuscript 06: Fluid-Dynamic Reinterpretation of Gravity, Black Holes, and Gravitational Waves — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20129518 Manuscript 07: Fluid-Dynamic Reinterpretation of the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20130259 Manuscript 08: Transcending the Singularity — Electron Void Gravitational Spheres — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20130801 Manuscript 09: The Final Parsec Problem Solved — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20134048 Manuscript 10: The Illusion of the Singularity — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20135533 Manuscript 11: The Illusion of Dark Energy — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20149141 Manuscript 12: The Illusion of Dark Matter — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20171372 Manuscript 13: The Illusion of Spacetime — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20172281 Manuscript 14: The Illusion of Spooky Action — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20173191 Manuscript 15: The Superluminal Mechanics of the Quantum Vacuum — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20173755 Manuscript 16: Empirical Validation of the Electron Flow Model — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20271062 Manuscript 17: Confronting the Cosmic Microwave Background — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20483713 Manuscript 18: Resolving the CMB Power Spectrum — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20493520 Manuscript 19: The Foundation of Stellar Dynamics — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20500168 Manuscript 20: Resolving the Black Hole Information Paradox — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20535631 Manuscript 21: Hydrodynamic Shockwaves and Wave-Particle Duality — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20620456 Manuscript 22: Resolving the Quantum Measurement Problem — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20628003 Manuscript 23: The Origin and Nature of the Vacuum Flux — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20754253 Manuscript 24: The Illusion of the Quantum Cat — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20768397 Manuscript 25: The Rock Giant Reclassification — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20899782 Manuscript 26: The Pioneer Anomaly and Electron Pressure Drag — https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21346600 Data & Code Availability: To accompany this manuscript, we have open-sourced the complete Python mathematical engine and a fully interactive 3D web-based simulation of the EFM Volumetric Profiler. Researchers, developers, and students can visually explore the hydrodynamic vacuum flux across the celestial bodies at: Interactive 3D EFM Volumetric Profiler: https://marabutmarabut.github.io/Theory-of-Gravity Official GitHub Repository: https://github.com/MarabutMarabut/Theory-of-Gravity