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Nature Physics

Unconditional advantage of quantum teleportation over direct transmission of single photons through a lossy channel

Li-Chao Peng, Dian Wu, Yuan Li, Xuemei Gu, Jian Qin, Kemi Xu, Han-Sen Zhong, Hui Wang, Yu-Ming He, Ming-Chen Chen, Li Li, Nai-Le Liu, Chao‐Yang Lu, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Jun 23, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/s41567-026-03348-7

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Photon loss is the biggest enemy in quantum communications. Direct transmission typically results in a small fraction of photons surviving over long distances, hindering advanced applications such as loophole-free Bell tests and device-independent quantum key distribution. Quantum teleportation offers a "disembodied" way of transferring particles through a virtual channel--quantum entanglement--which, in principle, could overcome the photon transmission loss. Experimentally, however, no previous quantum teleportation of single photons has shown a higher survival probability than using direct transmission. To overcome this challenge, here we first propose and demonstrate an all-optical scheme for remote preparation of entangled photons. Through an effective 15-dB channel loss, we realize a heralding efficiency of 82% for event-ready entangled photons. Based on the prior distributed entanglement, we demonstrate that teleportation-based transmission efficiency offers a 2.95-fold enhancement, compared to using direct transmission through the same channel, therefore establishing an unconditional teleportational advantage.
Quantum teleportation enables the deterministic exchange of qubits via lossy channels. While it is commonly believed that unconditional teleportation requires a preshared entangled qubit pair, here we demonstrate a protocol that is in principle unconditional and requires only a single photon as an ex-ante prepared resource. The photon successively interacts, first, with the receiver and then with the sender qubit memory. Its detection, followed by classical communication, heralds a successful teleportation. We teleport six mutually unbiased qubit states with average fidelity F[over ¯]=(88.3±1.3)% at a rate of 6 Hz over 60 m.
We compare three different types of optical qubits for information transfer via quantum teleportation and direction transmission under photon losses. The three types of qubits are (1) qubits using the vacuum and the single-photon (VSP) states, (2) single-photon qubits using polarization degrees of freedom, i.e., polarized single-photon (PSP) qubits, and (3) coherent-state qubits that use two coherent states with opposite phases as the qubit basis. Our analysis shows that the teleportation scheme outperforms the direct transmission for most of cases as far as fidelities are concerned. Overall, VSP qubits are found to be the most efficient for both the direct transmission and teleportation under photon loss effects. The coherent-state qubits are more robust than PSP qubits either when their amplitudes are small as $|\ensuremath{\alpha}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.22$ or when photon loss effects are strong. Our results would provide useful and timely information for the development of practical optical quantum information processing particularly in the context of hybrid architectures.