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IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference

Grover's Search-Inspired Quantum Reinforcement Learning for Massive MIMO User Scheduling

Ruining Fan, Xingyu Huang, Mouli Chakraborty, Avishek Nag, Anshu Mukherjee

Published Apr 13, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1109/wcnc65185.2026.11555408

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The efficient user scheduling policy in the massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (mMIMO) system remains a significant challenge in the field of 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) due to its high computational complexity, scalability, and Channel State Information (CSI) overhead. This paper proposes a novel Grover's search-inspired Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL) framework for mMIMO user scheduling. The QRL agent can explore the exponentially large scheduling space effectively by applying Grover's search to the reinforcement learning process. The model is implemented using our designed quantum-gate-based circuit, which imitates the layered architecture of reinforcement learning, where quantum operations act as policy updates and decision-making units. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves proper convergence and significantly outperforms classical Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Quantum Deep Learning (QDL) benchmarks.
Sixth-generation (6G) networks must deliver ultra-low latency and near-100 percent reliability to support massive-scale Internet of Things (IoT) deployments and Hyper-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (HRLLC). Grant-free access protocols permit devices to transmit without prior scheduling; nevertheless, this uncoordinated transmission introduces uncertainty at the receiver, necessitating Active User Detection (AUD) to ascertain which devices are active. Quantum search methods—most notably Grover’s algorithm—can accelerate AUD, yet they require knowing the optimal number of iterations, which depends on the (typically unknown and time-varying) number of valid solutions induced by the current activity pattern and channel/noise conditions. To overcome this, we formulate an optimization problem that optimizes the number of Grover iterations to maximize detection accuracy and minimize computational cost without any prior activity information. We then apply a Deep Q-Network (DQN) to learn, via deep reinforcement learning, an adaptive policy for selecting the iteration count. Simulation results verify that the DQN converges to an optimal strategy and outperforms two baseline schemes under varying fading conditions and active-user transmit powers.
We introduce a hybrid Quantum Neural Networks (QNN) architecture for the efficient user scheduling in 5G/Beyond 5G (B5G) massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, addressing the scalability issues of traditional methods. By leveraging statistical Channel State Information (CSI), our model reduces computational overhead and enhances spectral efficiency. It integrates classical neural networks with a variational quantum circuit kernel, outperforming classical Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and maintaining robust performance in noisy channels. This demonstrates the potential of quantum-enhanced Machine Learning (ML) for wireless scheduling.