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Robustness of Floquet Topological Time Crystals against Two-Level System Defects in Circuit QED

Weiyu Ruan

Published Jun 14, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Discrete time crystals (DTCs) represent a nonequilibrium phase of matter characterized by spontaneousbreaking of discrete time-translational symmetry under periodic driving. While Floquet topological phases offer apromising route to stabilizing DTC behavior, their persistence in realistic open quantum systems remains an openproblem. In this work, we numerically investigate a periodically driven one-dimensional Ising chain locally coupledto a dissipative two-level system (TLS) defect, motivated by microscopic defects commonly observed in superconductingcircuit-QED devices. Using Lindblad master-equation simulations implemented in QuTiP, we show that weaklydissipative TLS defects can dynamically synchronize with the Floquet edge mode and inherit its subharmonic oscillations.As the defect coupling and dissipation strength increase, the system undergoes a crossover toward decoherence andFloquet thermalization, accompanied by the suppression of edge-localized period doubling. By combining quasienergyspectroscopy, boundary-condition analysis, rigidity diagnostics, and entropy evolution, we characterize the stabilitylimits of Floquet topological time-crystalline phases in realistic noisy quantum hardware.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.20685211

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Discrete time crystals (DTCs) represent a nonequilibrium phase of matter characterized by spontaneousbreaking of discrete time-translational symmetry under periodic driving. While Floquet topological phases offer apromising route to stabilizing DTC behavior, their persistence in realistic open quantum systems remains an openproblem. In this work, we numerically investigate a periodically driven one-dimensional Ising chain locally coupledto a dissipative two-level system (TLS) defect, motivated by microscopic defects commonly observed in superconductingcircuit-QED devices. Using Lindblad master-equation simulations implemented in QuTiP, we show that weaklydissipative TLS defects can dynamically synchronize with the Floquet edge mode and inherit its subharmonic oscillations.As the defect coupling and dissipation strength increase, the system undergoes a crossover toward decoherence andFloquet thermalization, accompanied by the suppression of edge-localized period doubling. By combining quasienergyspectroscopy, boundary-condition analysis, rigidity diagnostics, and entropy evolution, we characterize the stabilitylimits of Floquet topological time-crystalline phases in realistic noisy quantum hardware.
The Floquet time crystal, which breaks discrete time-translation symmetry, is an intriguing phenomenon in nonequilibrium systems. It is crucial to understand the rigidity and robustness of discrete time crystal (DTC) phases in a many-body system, and finding a precisely solvable model can pave a way for understanding of the DTC phase. Here, we propose and study a solvable spin chain model by mapping it to a Floquet superconductor through the Jordan-Wigner transformation. The phase diagrams of Floquet topological systems are characterized by topological invariants and tell the existence of anomalous edge states. The subharmonic oscillation, which is the typical signal of the DTC, can be generated from such edge states and protected by topology and solvability. We also examine the robustness of the DTC by adding symmetry-preserving and symmetry-breaking perturbations. Our results on the topologically protected DTC can provide a deep understanding of the DTC when generalized to other interacting or dissipative systems.
The simulation of non-equilibrium quantum many-body systems on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors represents a central challenge and opportunity in modern condensed matter physics. Periodically driven (Floquet) systems can host exotic phases of matter with no equilibrium counterpart, most notably discrete time crystals (DTCs) characterized by spontaneous breaking of discrete time-translation symmetry and robust subharmonic responses. However, the realization of DTCs faces fundamental obstacles: driven many-body systems generically absorb energy and thermalize to an infinite-temperature state, destroying time-crystalline order. Two primary mechanisms have been identified to stabilize DTCs—many-body localization (MBL) through strong disorder, and Floquet prethermalization wherein high-frequency driving suppresses heating over exponentially long timescales. This work investigates the digital quantum simulation of prethermal DTCs on current superconducting quantum processors, with a focus on understanding and mitigating the impact of hardware noise. Recent experiments on 133-qubit heavy-hexagonal devices have demonstrated the realization of clean two-dimensional DTCs and incommensurately modulated DTCs (IM-DTCs) using kicked Ising models, observing period-doubling oscillations persisting for up to 100 Floquet cycles . Crucially, these simulations reveal that quantum noise, often perceived as detrimental, can in certain regimes stabilize novel prethermal DTC phases—a phenomenon identified as noise-induced DTCs supported by symmetry charge pumping or random gate fluctuations . The heavy-hexagonal lattice geometry, compared to square lattices, exhibits significantly slower quantum scrambling, thereby extending the prethermal plateau and enhancing DTC stability. We address two key challenges limiting the scalability of DTC simulations: limited qubit connectivity and environmental noise. By leveraging the universality of native gate sets, we demonstrate how to implement effective couplings among physically disconnected qubits at the cost of increased circuit depth, enabling the study of interaction-range effects on DTC stabilization—a phenomenon previously unobserved experimentally . Furthermore, we benchmark the performance of error mitigation protocols based on depolarising noise models, achieving excellent agreement between error-mitigated hardware data and tensor-network simulations in regimes where classical computations remain tractable . Our results highlight the complementary roles of quantum hardware and classical simulation: quantum processors provide access to regimes where entanglement growth outpaces tensor-network methods, while careful validation against classical benchmarks ensures the reliability of quantum outcomes. This study establishes a concrete pathway for using NISQ devices as experimental platforms for synthesizing and probing novel non-equilibrium quantum phases, advancing both our fundamental understanding of Floquet many-body dynamics and the practical capabilities of quantum simulation. The identification of noise as an active ingredient in phase stabilization suggests new directions for quantum engineering of spatiotemporal orders on near-term hardware.
Discrete time crystals (DTCs) are non-equilibrium phases of matter that break the discrete time-translation symmetry and is characterized by a robust subharmonic response in periodically driven quantum systems. Here, we explore the DTC in a disorder-free, periodically kicked XXZ spin chain, which is stabilized by the Floquet strong Hilbert space fragmentation. We numerically show the period-doubling response of the conventional DTC order, and uncover a multiple-period response with beating dynamics due to the coherent interplay of multiple πππ-pairs in the Floquet spectrum of small-size systems. The lifetime of the DTC order exhibits independence of the driving frequency and a power-law dependence on the ZZ interaction strength. It also grows exponentially with the system size, as a hallmark of the strong fragmentation inherent to the Floquet model. We analytically reveal the approximate conservation of the magnetization and domain-wall number in the Floquet operator for the emergent strong fragmentation, which is consistent with numerical results of the dimensionality ratio of symmetry subspaces. The rigidity and phase regime of the DTC order are identified through finite-size scaling of the Floquet-spectrum-averaged mutual information, as well as via dynamical probes. Our work establishes the Floquet Hilbert space fragmentation as a disorder-free mechanism for sustaining nontrivial temporal orders in out-of-equilibrium quantum many-body systems.
Floquet many-body phases such as discrete time crystals (DTCs) are typically fragile to imperfections, and stabilizing them on noisy quantum hardware remains a central challenge in nonequilibrium quantum physics. Here, we use IBM Eagle and Heron superconducting processors to implement Floquet dynamics of a kicked Ising model on two-dimensional Kagome lattices, engineered via ancilla-assisted embeddings into the heavy-hex connectivity of the devices. By combining error-mitigated measurements on quantum hardware with matrix-product-state simulations incorporating an ancilla-noise model constructed from experimental device data, we observe long-lived subharmonic magnetization oscillations that are stabilized -- rather than destroyed -- by structured quantum noise. Across different two-dimensional lattice geometries, increasing cases beyond Kagome lattices, and with or without boundary symmetry-charge pumping, ancilla errors effectively act as spatiotemporal disorder that induces stochastic sign flips of the Ising couplings, providing a unified mechanism for robust period-doubling responses. When symmetry-charge pumping is present, intrinsic boundary-localized πππ modes cooperate with this disorder to yield a boundary-assisted DTC characterized by suppressed scrambling and sharply localized dynamics. In contrast, in implementations without pumping, the noiseless dynamics rapidly thermalize and exhibit no subharmonic order, whereas the same noise process alone generates a DTC-like long-lived subharmonic response over experimentally accessible time windows. These results identify engineered ancilla noise as a practical control knob for inducing, stabilizing, and geometrically tailoring nonequilibrium dynamical order on scalable superconducting quantum processors.
Motivated by experimental observations of time-symmetry breaking behavior in a periodically driven (Floquet) system, we study a one-dimensional spin model to explore the stability of such Floquet discrete time crystals (DTCs) under the interplay between interaction and the microwave driving. For intermediate interactions and high drivings, from the time evolution of both stroboscopic spin polarization and mutual information between two ends, we show that Floquet DTCs can exist in a prethermal time regime without the tuning of strong disorder. For much weak interactions the system is a symmetry-unbroken phase, while for strong interactions it gives its way to a thermal phase. Through analyzing the entanglement dynamics, we show that large driving fields protect the prethermal DTCs from many-body localization and thermalization. Our results suggest that by increasing the spin interaction, one can drive the experimental system into optimal regime for observing a robust prethermal DTC phase.
We investigate the emergence of a scarred discrete time crystal (SDTC) phase in a periodically driven dimerized spin chain. While generic interacting Floquet systems are expected to thermalize according to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH), we demonstrate that this system hosts quantum many-body scars (QMBS) that induce a regime of weak ergodicity breaking. Through an analysis of Floquet level statistics, entanglement entropy, and eigenstate fidelity, we identify a manifold of low-entanglement states characterized by semi-Poisson statistics embedded within an otherwise thermal spectrum. These scarred states support robust subharmonic oscillations with period doubling, signaling the spontaneous breaking of discrete time-translation symmetry. We show that the SDTC response is robust against a variety of initial state configurations, demonstrating its stability beyond fine-tuned conditions. A finite-size scaling analysis reveals that the time-crystalline lifetime grows with system size within the range accessible to our exact-diagonalization calculations. However, drawing on the general phenomenology of approximate many-body scars, we expect that hybridization between Floquet scars and the thermal continuum will eventually curtail this growth, causing the lifetime to saturate at system sizes beyond our current numerical reach. This characterizes the SDTC as a long-lived metastable dynamical regime rather than a strictly stable thermodynamic phase, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the interplay between periodic driving and constrained many-body dynamics in disorder-free systems.