Resolving Spin and Entanglement with Testable Local Hidden Variables The Liquid Gravity Atomic Model and a Proposed Stern-Gerlach Experiment Challenging Standard Probabilistic Predictions
We discuss whether the Stern-Gerlach experiment accepts hidden-variables theories. We discuss that the existence of two spin-1/2 pure states ∣↑⟩ and ∣↓⟩ rules out the existence of probability space of specific quantum measurement. If we detect ∣↑⟩, then measurement outcome is +1. If we detect ∣↓⟩, then measurement outcome is −1. This hidden-variables theory does not accept the transition probability ∣⟨↑∣↓⟩∣2=0. Therefore we have to give up the hidden-variables theory. This implies the Stern-Gerlach experiment cannot accept the specific hidden-variables theory. And we study whether quantum phase factor accepts hidden-variables theories. We use the transition probability for two spin-1/2 pure states (∣↑⟩+∣↓⟩)/2 and (∣↑⟩+eiθ∣↓⟩)/2. It is cos2(θ/2). We discuss that the phase factor does not accept another specific hidden-variables theory. We explore the phase factor is indeed a quantum effect, not classical. Our research gives a new insight to the quantum information processing which relies on quantum phase factor, such as Deutsch's algorithm.
This paper proposes a geometric selection framework for quantum measurement that reframes collapse as a contextual, basin-dependent selection process rather than a universal instantaneous postulate. Beginning with the Stern–Gerlach experiment, measurement outcomes are interpreted as symmetry-constrained selections in an internal SU(2) state space, recovering standard spin statistics without invoking hidden classical variables. The framework is extended to sequential measurements and interferometric configurations through the introduction of an explicit, computable collapse-rate functional. This functional interpolates continuously between unitary evolution and effective projection, depending on both branch distinguishability and a phenomenological measure of measurement-basin accessibility. The Born rule is recovered exactly at the moment of selection, ensuring full compatibility with standard quantum mechanics in appropriate limits. The model predicts small, testable deviations from standard quantum mechanics in near-threshold interferometric regimes, where coherence is only partially suppressed. These deviations are distinct from those predicted by objective-collapse models with universal rates and can be constrained using existing and near-term matter-wave interferometry platforms. The approach provides a minimal, empirically grounded extension of measurement theory that remains falsifiable and compatible with current experimental bounds.
We present a new paradigm of quantum reality in which classical particles interact deterministically with quantized electromagnetic fields embedded in a causal lattice spacetime. These interactions induce discrete momentum transfers that account for the dot-like buildup of double-slit interference fringes, the bi-fringe outcomes of the Stern–Gerlach experiment, and the correlations observed in entanglement tests. Within this framework, which provides a non-local hidden variable mechanism, naturally leads to the emergence of Heisenberg uncertainty, de Broglie duality, and the Dirac equation as natural consequences of causal field dynamics, rather than as postulated axioms. The model further provides experimentally testable predictions—including momentum-transfer sidebands and the temperature dependence of the Casimir force—that distinguish it from both the Copenhagen interpretation and more recent alternatives. By grounding quantum phenomena in causal field–particle interactions, this paradigm reproduces the experimental dot-like features in double-slit interference and Stern-Gerlach fringes. Thus, it offers a transparent and physically consistent alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation, achieving the completeness that Einstein argued was missing from conventional theory.