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Development of an Instant Messaging Application Based on MLS using QRNG-Generated Keys

Manuel Lagos Rodríguez, Hilda Romero Velo, Álvaro Leitao, Javier Pereira Loureiro, Manuel Francisco González Penedo

Published May 14, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nowadays, instant messaging applications have become the main channel of communication between people. In response to demands of privacy by users, some applications have begun to incorporate end-to-end encryption to protect conversations. The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) is a recent protocol that offers end-to-end encryption designed for groups, providing both efficiency and security. In this work we develop a messaging application that uses MLS as the basis for secure communications between users. The application will use a peer-to-peer network to prevent messages from passing through servers that could store them and try to decrypt them. Furthermore, the cryptographic keys used will be generated by a Quantum Random Number Generator and accessed through an Entropy-as-a-Service platform.

DOI
10.17979/spu.23.c51

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Nowadays, instant messaging applications have become the main channel of communication between people. In response to demands of privacy by users, some applications have begun to incorporate end-to-end encryption to protect conversations. The Messaging Layer Security (MLS) is a recent protocol that offers end-to-end encryption designed for groups, providing both efficiency and security. In this work we develop a messaging application that uses MLS as the basis for secure communications between users. The application will use a peer-to-peer network to prevent messages from passing through servers that could store them and try to decrypt them. Furthermore, the cryptographic keys used will be generated by a Quantum Random Number Generator and accessed through an Entropy-as-a-Service platform.
This work aims to make quantum-generated keys accessible to end users and integrate them into practical applications, enabling end-to-end secure communication across multiple interfaces. QKD and PQC are strategically implemented at various communication points to establish a unified, quantum-resistant cryptographic framework. QRNGs are central to this approach, generating high-entropy quantum keys and enabling their secure distribution without requiring specialised hardware. To address these objectives, an Entropy-as-a-Service architecture is introduced, providing end users with efficient and secure access to quantum key material. As a case study, this architecture is integrated into a group messaging application, showcasing its practicality and relevance for everyday communications.
This research aims to develop a quantum encrypted messaging application that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure and privacy communication between users This project focuses on using quantum encryption techniques to improve messaging application security. The application will incorporate post-quantum algorithms to establish secure communication channels, ensuring that messages exchanged between users are protected from eavesdropping and unauthorized access Messaging application exit results will provide users with greater security and a quantum-resistant platform for private transactions -Will address the emerging need for quantum-secure encryption in this era of threats
Secure Group Messagings are cryptographic protocols that allow safe group conversation within potentially large user groups. They are based on a dedicated type of group key exchange mechanism named Continuous Group Key Agreement (CGKA), which generates a continuously evolving group key in a safe and efficient way. Messaging Layer Security (MLS) is an IETF-standardized secure group messaging protocol which uses a protocol called TreeKEM as its CGKA.We study in this thesis the security and the efficiency of the CGKAs used within secure group messagings. Firstly, we propose a variant of TreeKEM (called Quarantined-TreeKEM) that solves a security issue related to inactive users, whose behavior prevents fundamental security properties to be fulfilled. Moreover, we improve the efficiency of TreeKEM, especially regarding its communication cost, by considering the best way to manage the tree graph used by that CGKA. Finally, we show that in the particular – yet common – use case where only a subset of users is granted the administration rights, we can design a new CGKA whose performances outperform those of regular decentralized CGKAs such as TreeKEM.This thesis thus aims to improve the state-of-the-art in secure group messaging protocols, in a context where strong security and energy sobriety are necessary features.
As quantum technologies advance, the security of popular cryptographic protocols becomes more threatened by the capabilities of Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers (CRQCs). In this scenario, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has become a potential solution to prolong the life of existing Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems. However, PQC protocols depend on high-quality randomness for key generation and encapsulation procedures, with the quality of the entropy source potentially having a profound impact on the security of the overall system. In this work, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept enabling the incorporation of Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) devices within communication networks using PQC-based Transport Layer Security (TLS).Using open-source cryptographic libraries and commercial QRNG hardware, we demonstrate their use as entropy sources via an Entropy-as-a-Service (EaaS) model. We highlight two particular use cases: a fully virtualized private PKI network and a connection to an external PQC-enabled server. Experimental results show that EaaS QRNG enables real-time entropy monitoring and quality assessment in cryptographic management systems, with negligible impact on TLS handshake time.
In the era of quantum computing, conventional encryption methods are becoming more vulnerable to quantum attacks and more secure communication protocols are needed. This paper describes a Quantum Secure Chat System that facilitates real-time communication between two parties through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using the BB84 protocol and AES-GCM encryption to protect confidentiality and integrity. The system employs QKD for key distribution and mitigates eavesdropping attempts, whereby attempted interceptions alert parties that the key cannot be trusted. In conjunction, the system employs Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) to mitigate the risk of non-random and biased keys. From the front end perspective, the chat system has an intuitive interface built of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for two users to communicate in encrypted format. From the back-end, it has implemented a Django REST framework for QKD, AES encryption, and message decryption. Information about eavesdropper detection, quantum keys, cipher text, and decrypted messages is displayed to the user and aids transparency in the key exchanging and data encryption/decryption process. The system was robustly developed and tested with release candidates to establish eavesdropping detection, as well as the ability to manage encryption and decryption in an efficient manner. Furthermore, it provides evidence of a strong security capability between the combinations of QKD and AES as a solution to enable real-time messaging.
High-entropy random numbers are an essential part of cryptography, and Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG) are an emergent technology that can provide high-quality keys for cryptographic algorithms but unfortunately are currently difficult to access. Existing Entropy-as-a-Service solutions require users to trust the central authority distributing the key material, which is not desirable in a high-privacy environment. In this paper, we present a novel key transmission protocol that allows users to obtain cryptographic material generated by a QRNG in such a way that the server is unable to identify which user is receiving each key. This is achieved with the inclusion of Zero Knowledge Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge (zk-SNARK), a cryptographic primitive that allow users to prove knowledge of some value without needing to reveal it. The security analysis of the protocol proves that it satisfies the properties of Anonymity, Unforgeability and Confidentiality, as defined in this document. We also provide an implementation of the protocol demonstrating its functionality and performance, using NFC as the transmission channel for the QRNG key.