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International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI)

Robustness of Hillary’s Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol under Random Telegraph Noise

E. S. Elkhouly, S. I. Ali, N. Metwally

Published Oct 29, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of sharing a classical string via quantum protocols through channels subjected to Markovian and non-Markovian Random Telegraph Noise (RTN). The quantum secret sharing protocol is implemented using three-qubit channels based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W-type states. The results indicate that the shared state can be received with a fidelity exceeding 95%. The classical coding parameter, along with the measurements performed by the sender and the controller, plays a crucial role in maximizing or minimizing the fidelity of the shared state. In the non-Markovian regime, the fidelity oscillates between its upper and lower bounds due to information backflow from the environment, whereas it exhibits a monotonic decay under Markovian conditions.

DOI
10.1109/icdabi67967.2025.11547653

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This study investigates the feasibility of sharing a classical string via quantum protocols through channels subjected to Markovian and non-Markovian Random Telegraph Noise (RTN). The quantum secret sharing protocol is implemented using three-qubit channels based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) and W-type states. The results indicate that the shared state can be received with a fidelity exceeding 95%. The classical coding parameter, along with the measurements performed by the sender and the controller, plays a crucial role in maximizing or minimizing the fidelity of the shared state. In the non-Markovian regime, the fidelity oscillates between its upper and lower bounds due to information backflow from the environment, whereas it exhibits a monotonic decay under Markovian conditions.
Quantum teleportation (QT) is the principal method of transferring quantum states from one place to another without actually revealing which quantum state is being transferred. This protocol makes use of entangled states shared between the sending and receiving stations, and two bits of classical information. However, in real communication systems which are used to carry the entangled state, a typical noise results in the degradation of the fidelity of teleported states. The protocol of controlled quantum teleportation (CQT) represents an extension to the standard quantum teleportation (SQT) with includes the third entity, so called “controller“, and is based on sharing of a tripartite entangled quantum state. The role of controller is to permit the fidelity of teleported state to be higher than it can be done using only classical resources. As a typical noise has detrimental effect on the performance of quantum teleportation protocols, In this work, a study of different noisy channels, which can exhibit the Markovian or non-Markovian dynamics is presented. Each noisy channel is characterized by the teleportation fidelity and by the control power.
The direct communication protocol of quantum network over noisy channel is proposed and investigated in this study. In communication process, all quantum nodes share multiparticle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)-states. The sending node takes the GHZ-state particle in the hand as the control qubit and the particle for sending secret information as the target qubit, which carries out the CNOT gate operation for the control and target qubit. Each receiving node takes the GHZ-state particle in the hand as the control qubit and the particle of the received secret information as the target qubit, in which the CNOT gate operation is repeated to obtain the secret information that contains the bit error. Each receiving node uses the extracted part of qubits as the checking qubits, and then corrects the bit-flip errors using parity check matrix together with the rest part of qubits. As a result, all receiving nodes obtain rectified secret information. In addition to the high security analysis, this study also presents the detailed analyses of the throughput efficiency and the communication performance.
The paper investigates the dynamics of entanglement and explores some geometrical characteristics of the trajectories in state space, in four-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ)-and W-type states, coupled to common and independent classical random telegraph noise (RTN) sources. It is shown from numerical simulations that: (i) the dynamics of entanglement depends drastically not only on the input configuration of the qubits and the presence or absence of memory effects, but also on whether the qubits are coupled to the RTN in a CE or IEs; (ii) a considerable amount of entanglement can be indefinitely trapped when the qubits are embedded in a CE; (iii) the CE configuration preserve better the entanglement initially shared between the qubits than the IEs, however, for W-type states, there is a period of time and/or certain values of the purity for which, the opposite can be found. Thanks to results obtained in our earlier works on the three-qubit model, we are able to conclude that entanglement becomes more robustly protected from decay when the number of qubits of the system increases. Finally, we find that the trajectories in state space of the system quantified by the quantum Jensen Shannon divergence (QJSD) between the time-evolved states of the qubits and some reference states may be curvilinear or chaotic.
We present an ( n , n ) threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication using Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state and teleportation. After ensuring the security of the quantum channel, the sender encodes the secret message directly on a sequence of particle states and transmits it to the receivers by teleportation. The receivers can recover the secret message by combining their measurement results with the sender's result. If a perfect quantum channel is used, our scheme is completely secure because the transmitting particle sequence does not carry the secret message. We also show our scheme is secure for noise quantum channel.
In this paper, we present an (n, n) threshold quantum secret sharing scheme of secure direct communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. The present scheme is efficient in that all the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states used in the quantum secret sharing scheme are used to generate shared secret messages except those chosen for checking eavesdropper. In our scheme, the measuring basis of communication parties is invariable and the classical information used to check eavesdropping needs only the results of measurements of the communication parties. Another nice feature of our scheme is that the sender transmit her secret messages to the receivers directly and the receivers recover the sender's secret by combining their results, different from the QSS scheme whose object is essentially to allow a sender to establish a shared key with the receivers. This feature of our scheme is similar to that of quantum secret direct communication.