With increasing research in quantum computing, traditional cryptographic methods are failing against quantum attacks. To target this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid model that combines BB84-QKD to ensure unbreakable key exchange, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) using Kyber512 to provide quantum-resistant cryptography, and blockchain-based key management to ensure transparency and access control. This layered model protects all stages of communication in an end-to-end way against future quantum threats. The implementation uses executable models like liboqs to authenticate Kyber512 tasks and IBM's Qiskit framework to simulate QKD protocols. Performance is evaluated using Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and Secret Key Rate (SKR) metrics. The system is implemented using the OQS library and a Jupyter-based environment for full reproducibility.
With increasing research in quantum computing, traditional cryptographic methods are failing against quantum attacks. To target this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid model that combines BB84-QKD to ensure unbreakable key exchange, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) using Kyber512 to provide quantum-resistant cryptography, and blockchain-based key management to ensure transparency and access control. This layered model protects all stages of communication in an end-to-end way against future quantum threats. The implementation uses executable models like liboqs to authenticate Kyber512 tasks and IBM's Qiskit framework to simulate QKD protocols. Performance is evaluated using Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and Secret Key Rate (SKR) metrics. The system is implemented using the OQS library and a Jupyter-based environment for full reproducibility.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a serious threat to traditional cryptographic systems such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which rely on computational difficulty for security. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s have the potential to break or weaken these methods, putting modern communication systems at risk. To address this challenge, this work presents a quantum-safe com-munication framework that combines the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) techniques, aiming to ensure secure data exchange in the presence of quantum-capable adversaries. In this system, the BB84 protocol is simulated to enable secure key exchange between two parties over a virtual quantum channel. The generated key is refined through processes such as basis matching, error correction, and privacy amplification using SHA-256 to ensure reliability and secrecy. For secur-ing communication, One-Time Pad (OTP) encryption is used alongside HMAC-SHA3-256 to provide both confidentiality and message integrity. Additionally, file encryption is handled using the XChaCha20-Poly1305 algorithm, selected for its efficiency and strong protection against potential vulnerabilities like nonce reuse. To further enhance security, the framework integrates a hybrid key management approach using the Kyber-512 Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) combined with a Key Deriva-tion Function (KDF), merging classical and quantum-resistant techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, achieving a Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) of 2.5% and successful performance in both message and file en-cryption. Overall, this work contributes toward the development of practical and resilient communication systems designed for the emerging quantum era.
The fast development of cyber communications, multimedia distribution, remote working have promoted the demand to transmit sensitive information through secure means in both the public and the private networks. The advent of massive quantum computers is rendering traditional cryptographic algorithms like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) insecure because they can crack the classical public-key algorithms like the Shor and Grover algorithms. This brings an immediate need of hybrid cryptographic systems, which integrate classical, quantum, and post-quantum algorithms to provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and future security beyond the quantum threat horizon.The paper is a proposal of a Hybrid Quantum-Post-Quantum Cryptographic Framework of transmitting files safely. It starts by aggregating files, which is a process to compress several files, images, videos, and multimedia files that users have chosen into one file to minimize redundancy and ease encryption. The AES-256 encrypted file is in GCM mode and provides confidentiality and integrity of the compressed file.The dual-layer mechanism ensures key establishment security. To begin with, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on the protocols of BB84/E91 allows the Sender and the Receiver to generate a Quantum Secret Key (QSK) by exchanging quantum bits in quantum channel. Constant monitoring of the error rate facilitates automatic eavesdropping detection, and guarantees the keys generation is made when the conditions are secure, as well as the safeguarding of interception and man-in-the-middle attacks.A post-quantum layer is provided to ensure long-term security against quantum cryptanalysis, which uses Kyber, a NIST-approved lattice-based Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM). The Receiver creates a key pair of Kyber and disseminates the public key to the Sender. By using encapsulation, the Sender gets a PQC ciphertext and a Shared Secret (SS), with decapsulation on the Receiver side giving ensure that only participants of good faith get the same secret value.The hybridization phase consists of combining the QSK of QKD and SS of Kyber with the help of HKDF-SHA256 to obtain a Final Wrap Key (FWK). AES-GCM encrypts the key of file encryption by wrapping it with FWK which allows a secure and authenticated transfer of the key. The Sender sends four messages: encrypted file, Kyber ciphertext, wrapped AES key and the initialisation vector. At Receiver end, FWK is calculated once again with the help of QSK and SS so that the original data can be decrypted with the help of AES key.The suggested framework provides a defense-in-depth solution based on the combination of quantum security, post-quantum resilience and authenticated symmetric encryption. It can be analyzed that there is a strong resistance to classical and quantum adversaries, scalability, and compatibility with the existing communication networks. This renders the model to be appropriate to secure government communication, military systems, data exchange in healthcare environments, cloud storage and financial infrastructures. Keywords— Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Kyber,Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM), HKDF-SHA256, Quantum Secret Key (QSK), GCM Mode.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses a critical threat to conventional cryptographic systems such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). To address this challenge, two major paradigms have emerged: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which leverages quantum mechanics for theoretically unbreakable key exchange, and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), which relies on mathematically hard problems resilient to quantum attacks. Current research demonstrates the potential of integrating. QKD with lattice-based PQC to achieve hybrid quantum resilience; however, most existing works remain theoretical or infrastructure-centric, lacking accessible and interactive implementations. This paper presents the design and implementation of a web-based QKD simulation platform featuring a real-time security scorecard and an automatic PQC fallback mechanism using CRYSTALS-Kyber. Built on the BB84 protocol, the simulator models quantum communication between Alice, Bob, and Eve under various channel conditions and computes key performance metrics such as Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), Secret Key Rate (SKR), and efficiency, and dynamically switches to Kyber when QKD reliability degrades. Unlike prior studies, the proposed system emphasizes interactivity, visualization, and hybrid resilience, providing a practical tool for education, research, and industry experimentation. The resulting platform bridges the gap between theoretical hybrid cryptography and real-world deployment, advancing the broader adoption of quantum-safe communication systems.
The Hybrid approach in Quantum Cryptography creates adaptable security model which provides the safest Communication in the emerging quantum era. The development of quantum computing raise questions about the long-term security. Traditional algorithms, such as RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman, which is seemed computationally secure but it can be effectively solved by quantum algorithms such as Shor's and Grover's. This problem leads to the origination of two key trends in current studies, namely Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), designing mathematical approaches to encryption resistant to quantum attacks; Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) using the principles of quantum mechanics to assure security in communications. Accordingly, this research proposes a hybrid security framework including reliable data encryption and authentication using PQC, combined with the safe key- exchange method of QKD. The model is implemented in Python, Qiskit, and PQClean's Kyber and Dilithium algorithms to show how these two paradigms can cooperate toward quantum- resilient communication. To present the system performance, key exchange efficiency, computational overhead, and security strength have been considered. According to the results, this hybrid approach gives superior defense against quantum threats while maintaining practical effectiveness for real-world applications such as cloud security, 6G networks, and the Internet of Things.
The emergence of large-scale quantum computers poses a significant threat to current cryptographic protocols, particularly Transport Layer Security (TLS), which relies on RSA and elliptic curve cryptography vulnerable to Shor's algorithm. This paper presents a hybrid framework for quantum-resistant TLS handshakes that integrates post-quantum cryptography (PQC), quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical cryptography to provide comprehensive protection against both classical and quantum attacks. The approach employs three QKD protocols; BB84, E91, and Measurement-Device-Independent QKD (MDI-QKD) alongside NIST-standardized PQC algorithms as well as alternative candidates such as HQC and BIKE. A key innovation is the QKD key management module, which addresses performance bottlenecks through periodic key generation and secure reuse within predefined retention periods, significantly reducing QKD overhead in TLS handshakes. The experimental implementation using the quantum network simulator evaluated 144 distinct cryptographic protocol combinations. Results demonstrate that ML-KEM combined with ML-DSA provides optimal PQC performance, while QKD protocol selection is distance-dependent: BB84 for short-range and MDI-QKD for long-distance communication. The framework includes various attack mitigation mechanisms and ensure security as long as at least one cryptographic method remains uncompromised. Consistent with current global quantum network usage, the proposed TLS approach is designed primarily for MAN and WAN environments rather than the Internet, providing a balanced solution that combines theoretical security guarantees with computational efficiency.
The emergence of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic mechanisms such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography that are widely used to secure email communication. Traditional secure email systems rely on classical public-key infrastructure and therefore lack resilience against quantum attacks. This paper presents QuMail, a quantum-secure email client that integrates BB84-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) simulation, CRYSTALS-Kyber post-quantum cryptography (PQC), and blockchain-based audit logging within a unified architecture. The proposed system operates entirely at the application layer and remains compatible with existing email infrastructures using standard SMTP and IMAP protocols without requiring any server-side modification. A modular prototype was implemented using IBM Qiskit for quantum key generation and hybrid cryptographic techniques for secure message transmission. Experimental evaluation demonstrates an average latency of 120–180 ms for QKD key generation and 20–30 ms for Kyber-based encryption while maintaining minimal overhead for email transmission. The results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating quantum-resilient security mechanisms into existing email systems and highlight the potential of hybrid QKD–PQC architectures for next-generation secure communication platforms.