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AIAA AVIATION Forum

Effect of Magnetic Field on Laser Absorption in Xe Isotopes at 788 nm

Amirhossein Abbasszadehrad, Yue Wu, Arthur Dogariu, Richard B. Miles

Published Jun 4, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The two-photon absorption of a linearly or circularly polarized UV beam of a femtosecond laser at 256 nm is used to pump ground-state electrons of Xe-129 and Xe-136 to sublevels of the 6p [5/2] 2 excited state depending on the polarization. A copropagating linearly or circularly polarized IR beam of a picosecond laser at near 788.132 nm is used to further excite these electrons to the 8s [3/2]° 2 state through a single photon absorption process. The absorption of the IR beam is measured by a fast detector. The type and handedness of polarization of the two beams result in different absorption of IR in the final transition. The effect of applying an external magnetic field on the absorption of the IR beam is studied.

DOI
10.2514/6.2026-4185

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We present the results of an experimental as well as a theoretical study of nonlinear magneto-optical resonances in diatomic potassium molecules in the electronic ground state with large values of the angular momentum quantum number $J\ensuremath{\sim}100$. At zero magnetic field, the absorption transitions are suppressed because of population trapping in the ground state due to Zeeman coherences between magnetic sublevels of this state along with depopulation pumping. The destruction of such coherences in an external magnetic field was used to study the resonances in this work. K${}_{2}$ molecules were formed in a glass cell filled with potassium metal at a temperature above 150 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C. The cell was placed in an oven and was located in a homogeneous magnetic field B, which was scanned from 0 to 0.7 T. $Q$-type and $R$-type transitions were excited with a tunable, single-mode diode laser with a central wavelength of 660 nm. Well-pronounced nonlinear Hanle effect signals were observed in the intensities of the linearly polarized components of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detected in the direction parallel to the B field with polarization vectors parallel (${I}_{\text{par}}$) and perpendicular (${I}_{\text{per}}$) to the polarization vector of the exciting laser radiation, which was orthogonal to B. The intensities of the LIF components were detected for different experimental parameters, such as laser power density and vapor temperature, in order to compare them with numerical simulations that were based on the optical Bloch equations for the density matrix. We report good agreement of our measurements with numerical simulations. Narrow, subnatural linewidth dark resonances in ${I}_{\text{per}}(B)$ were detected and explained.

arXiv:1110.1255•Physical Review A•Jan 31, 2012•5 citations
The two-photon absorption of a linearly or circularly polarized UV beam of a femtosecond laser at 256 nm is used to pump ground-state electrons of Xe-129 and Xe-136 to sublevels of the 6p [5/2] 2 excited state depending on the polarization. A copropagating linearly or circularly polarized IR beam of a picosecond laser at near 788.132 nm is used to further excite these electrons to the 8s [3/2]° 2 state through a single photon absorption process. The absorption of the IR beam is measured by a fast detector. The type and handedness of polarization of the two beams result in different absorption of IR in the final transition. The effect of applying an external magnetic field on the absorption of the IR beam is studied.
Two-photon absorption of a circularly polarized UV beam of a femtosecond laser at 256 nm is used to pump ground state electrons of Xe-136 to the m = +2 or m = -2 sublevels of the 6p [5/2]2 excited state depending on the handedness of the circular polarization. A copropagating circularly polarized IR beam of a CW laser at 788.134 nm is used to further excite these electrons to the 8s [3/2]2 state through a single photon absorption process. The absorption of the IR beam is measured by a fast detector. In theory, the same and the opposite handedness of the circular polarization of the two beams respectively result in a forbidden and an allowed final transition, hence zero and finite absorption of IR photons, respectively. In practice, finite absorption is observed in both cases. However, the absorption signal in the forbidden case is less intense and delayed by about 70 ps relative to the absorption in the allowed case. This time delay is a measure of the depolarization rate at which exited electrons in m = +/-2 sublevels move to other sublevels, namely, m = +/-1 and m = 0 making the final transition possible, resulting in the delayed absorption of IR photons.
Quantum-mechanical interference is found in the two-photon excitation of an atomic 1S^{1}\mathrm{S}1S through the nonresonant sequence 11^{1}\mathrm{}^{1}11P\ensuremath{\leftarrow}1{\mathrm{}}^{1}1S, since the magnetic sublevels of the intermediate 1P^{1}\mathrm{P}1P state provide multiple pathways for absorption. Depending on the relative polarization of the two incident light beams, the interference can be either constructive or destructive. When the electric vectors of the light beams are linearly polarized and orthogonal, the interference is purely destructive and two-photon transitions are forbidden. Application of an external magnetic field, however, lifts the degeneracy of the intermediate state giving a two-photon absorption rate proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength. These effects are reported for the (7s)1{)}^{1})1S\ensuremath{\leftarrow}(5s2{\mathrm{s}}^{2}s2)1{)\mathrm{}}^{1})1S transition of atomic Sr excited by two dye lasers operating at different wavelengths.
We present a constructed setup for polarizing 129 Xe noble gas. Hyperpolarized 129 Xe has been obtained via spin exchange with an optically pumped rubidium vapor. Optical pumping is based on polarizing the valence electron of rubidium by the resonant absorption of a circularly polarized laser light. The magnetic field of 30 G was used for obtaining 129 Xe polarization. The apparatus for detecting polarization is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. The highest 129 Xe polarization of 54% has been obtained using 60 W circularly polarized laser light with wavelength of 794.7 nm. The measured longitudinal relaxation time of the hyperpolarized 129 Xe was 72.3 minutes.
Subnatural-width resonances due to coherent effects in optical pumping at hyperfine (hf) transitions of Rb are investigated using a linearly or circularly polarized single-frequency diode laser beam. The sign and amplitude of the resonances in the fluorescence are measured by scanning the laser frequency over the hf transitions of the Rb D 1 and D 2 lines. The fluorescence perpendicular to the laser beam is detected as a function of magnetic field parallel to the beam propagation and scanned around zero value. In the case of linear polarization of the field, dark resonances are observed for hf transitions with F g → F e = F g -1 and F g → F e = F g , and bright resonances are observed for transitions with F g → F e = F g + 1. This is in agreement with the recently developed theories. For all (except F g = 2→ F e = 3, 85 Rb, D 1 line) hf transitions the sign of the resonances reverses when the polarization of the field changes to circular. The amplitudes of the resonances correspond to the probability of the hf transitions and to the calculated loss rate of the population to the ground hf level not excited by the laser field. The observed narrow resonances (FWHM: few tens of kHz) and their sensitivity to weak magnetic fields are interesting for high-resolution spectroscopy and for development of simple and precise magnetometers.
Photoionization processes involving polarized Xe atoms in the presence of an external magnetic field were analyzed in our previous studies. It was shown that the modulation of quantum beats in the observed electronic photo signals could not be explained by the Paschen-Back effect accounting for fine-structure levels only. In the current work, ionized Xe+ isotopes are used as the output channel of photoionization. By comparing the temporal partial signals in the mass spectra of the Xe+ isotopes, it was possible to explain the modulation of quantum beats in ion fluxes as a consequence of the presence of the hyperfine structure in the Zeeman components of the 129Xe and 131Xe isotopes. Keywords: quantum beats, hyperfine structure, Zeeman effect, two-photon excitation, femtosecond ionization, "pump-probe"-experiment.
We present the results of an experimental as well as a theoretical study of nonlinear magneto-optical resonances in diatomic potassium molecules in the electronic ground state with large values of the angular momentum quantum number $J\ensuremath{\sim}100$. At zero magnetic field, the absorption transitions are suppressed because of population trapping in the ground state due to Zeeman coherences between magnetic sublevels of this state along with depopulation pumping. The destruction of such coherences in an external magnetic field was used to study the resonances in this work. K2{}_{2}2​ molecules were formed in a glass cell filled with potassium metal at a temperature above 150 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C. The cell was placed in an oven and was located in a homogeneous magnetic field B, which was scanned from 0 to 0.7 T. QQQ-type and RRR-type transitions were excited with a tunable, single-mode diode laser with a central wavelength of 660 nm. Well-pronounced nonlinear Hanle effect signals were observed in the intensities of the linearly polarized components of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detected in the direction parallel to the B field with polarization vectors parallel (Ipar{I}_{\text{par}}Ipar​) and perpendicular (Iper{I}_{\text{per}}Iper​) to the polarization vector of the exciting laser radiation, which was orthogonal to B. The intensities of the LIF components were detected for different experimental parameters, such as laser power density and vapor temperature, in order to compare them with numerical simulations that were based on the optical Bloch equations for the density matrix. We report good agreement of our measurements with numerical simulations. Narrow, subnatural linewidth dark resonances in Iper(B){I}_{\text{per}}(B)Iper​(B) were detected and explained.