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Millimeter-wave resonator and associated methods

David Schuster, Aziza Suleymanzade, Jonathan Simon, Alexander Anerov

Published Oct 28, 2021• 0 citations
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Abstract

A millimeter-wave resonator is produced by drilling a plurality of holes into a piece of metal. Each hole forms an evanescent tube having a lowest cutoff frequency. The holes spatially intersect to form a seamless three-dimensional cavity whose fundamental cavity mode has a resonant frequency that is less than the cutoff frequencies of all the evanescent tubes. Below cutoff, the fundamental cavity mode does not couple to the waveguide modes, and therefore has a high internal Q. Millimeter waves can be coupled into any of the tubes to excite an evanescent mode that couples to the fundamental cavity mode. The tubes also provide spatial and optical access for transporting atoms into the cavity, where they can be trapped while spatially overlapping the fundamental cavity mode. The piece of metal may be superconducting, allowing the resonator to be used in a cryogenic environment for quantum computing and information processing.

DOI
10.6082/4x818-zrb65

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A millimeter-wave resonator is produced by drilling a plurality of holes into a piece of metal. Each hole forms an evanescent tube having a lowest cutoff frequency. The holes spatially intersect to form a seamless three-dimensional cavity whose fundamental cavity mode has a resonant frequency that is less than the cutoff frequencies of all the evanescent tubes. Below cutoff, the fundamental cavity mode does not couple to the waveguide modes, and therefore has a high internal Q. Millimeter waves can be coupled into any of the tubes to excite an evanescent mode that couples to the fundamental cavity mode. The tubes also provide spatial and optical access for transporting atoms into the cavity, where they can be trapped while spatially overlapping the fundamental cavity mode. The piece of metal may be superconducting, allowing the resonator to be used in a cryogenic environment for quantum computing and information processing.
A millimeter-wave resonator is produced by drilling a plurality of holes into a piece of metal. Each hole forms an evanescent tube having a lowest cutoff frequency. The holes spatially intersect to form a seamless three-dimensional cavity whose fundamental cavity mode has a resonant frequency that is less than the cutoff frequencies of all the evanescent tubes. Below cutoff, the fundamental cavity mode does not couple to the waveguide modes, and therefore has a high internal Q. Millimeter waves can be coupled into any of the tubes to excite an evanescent mode that couples to the fundamental cavity mode. The tubes also provide spatial and optical access for transporting atoms into the cavity, where they can be trapped while spatially overlapping the fundamental cavity mode. The piece of metal may be superconducting, allowing the resonator to be used in a cryogenic environment for quantum computing and information processing.
Technologies for a long-lived 3D multimode microwave cavity are disclosed. In the illustrative embodiment, a series of overlapping holes are drilled into a monolithic block of aluminum forming a cavity. The dimensions of the cavity formed by the overlapping holes can be made long by drilling a long series of holes in a row and can be made high by drilling holes a certain depth into the cavity. if two dimensions of the cavity are bigger than the diameter of the holes used to create the cavity, then the cavity can support electromagnetic waves that cannot propagate through the holes, leading to a long lifetime in the cavity. A superconducting qubit or other non-linear element can be inserted into the cavity, which can controllably interact with each of several modes of the cavity. In this way, the modes of the cavity can act as components in a quantum memory.
Technologies for a long-lived 3D multimode microwave cavity are disclosed. In the illustrative embodiment, a series of overlapping holes are drilled into a monolithic block of aluminum forming a cavity. The dimensions of the cavity formed by the overlapping holes can be made long by drilling a long series of holes in a row and can be made high by drilling holes a certain depth into the cavity. If two dimensions of the cavity are bigger than the diameter of the holes used to create the cavity, then the cavity can support electromagnetic waves that cannot propagate through the holes, leading to a long lifetime in the cavity. A superconducting qubit or other non-linear element can be inserted into the cavity, which can controllably interact with each of several modes of the cavity. In this way, the modes of the cavity can act as components in a quantum memory.
The millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency band provides exciting prospects for quantum science and devices since many high-fidelity quantum emitters, including Rydberg atoms, molecules, and silicon vacancies, exhibit resonances near 100 GHz. High-Q resonators at these frequencies would give access to strong interactions between emitters and single photons, leading to rich and unexplored quantum phenomena at temperatures above 1 K. We report a 3D mm-wave cavity with a measured single-photon internal quality factor of 3×107 and mode volume of 0.14×λ3 at 98.2 GHz, sufficient to reach strong coupling in a Rydberg cavity quantum electrodynamics system. An in situ piezotunability of 18 MHz facilitates coupling to specific atomic transitions. Our unique, seamless, and optically accessible resonator design is enabled by the realization that intersections of 3D waveguides support tightly confined bound states below the waveguide cutoff frequency. Harnessing the features of our cavity design, we realize a hybrid mm-wave and optical cavity, designed for interconversion and entanglement of mm-wave and optical photons using Rydberg atoms.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a powerful tool in quantum science, enabling preparation of nonclassical states of light and scalable entanglement of many atoms coupled to a single field mode. While the most coherent atom-photon interactions have been achieved using superconducting millimeter-wave cavities coupled to Rydberg atoms, these platforms so far lack the optical access required for trapping and addressing individual atomic qubits. We present a millimeter-wave Fabry-Pérot cavity with finesse 5.8 ( 1 ) × 10 7 at a temperature of 1 K providing generous transverse optical access (numerical aperture 0.56). Conflicting goals of strong atom-photon coupling and optical access motivate a near-confocal geometry. Close to confocality, however, postparaxial corrections to the cavity spectrum introduce unexpected degeneracies between transverse modes, leading to excess cavity loss. Modeling these corrections allows for tuning the cavity geometry to evade this loss, producing a high finesse that will enable cavity QED experiments with trapped atoms deep in the strong coupling regime.