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Chaos Solitons & Fractals

Lower energy excitations and unique collective dynamics in a spin-tensor–momentum coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

Jie Wang, Ai‐Xia Zhang, Yue Jian, Fang-Qi Hu, Xin Qiao, Ju-Kui Xue

Published May 26, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118556

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We investigate the dynamics of the plane wave state in one-dimensional spin-tensor-momentum coupled Bose-Einstein condensate. By using the Gaussian variational approximation, we first derive the equations of motion for the variational parameters, including the center-of-mass coordinate, momentum, amplitude, width, chirp, and relative phase. These variational parameters are coupled together nonlinearly by the spin-tensor-momentum coupling, Raman coupling, and the spin-dependent atomic interaction. By minimizing the energy with respect to the variational parameters, we find that the ground state is a biaxial nematic state, the momentum of the ground state decreases monotonically with the increase of the strength of the Raman coupling, and the parity of real part of the ground-state wave function is opposite to that of the imaginary part. The linear stability analysis shows that the ground state is dynamically stable under a perturbation, and exhibits three different oscillation excitation modes, the frequencies of which are related to the strength of the Raman coupling, the aspect ratio of the harmonic trap, and the strength of the atomic interaction. By solving the equations of motion for the variational parameters, we find that the system displays periodical oscillation in the dynamical evolution. These variational results are also confirmed by the direct numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equations, and these findings reveal the unique properties given by the spin-tensor-momentum coupling.