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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Genuine Activation of Hidden Nonlocality in Multipartite Quantum Systems

Jia-Xin Ma, Chen-Ming Bai, Su-Juan Zhang, Lu Liu

Published May 19, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-026-06362-w

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The relation between entanglement and nonlocality is discussed in the case of multipartite quantum systems. We show that, for any number of parties, there exist genuinely multipartite entangled states that admit a fully local hidden variable model, i.e., where all parties are separated. Hence, although these states exhibit the strongest form of multipartite entanglement, they cannot lead to Bell inequality violation considering general nonsequential local measurements. Then, we show that the nonlocality of these states can nevertheless be activated using sequences of local measurements, thus revealing genuine multipartite hidden nonlocality.
A set of orthogonal quantum states in multipartite systems is of genuine nonlocality if it is locally indistinguishable in every bipartition. If it is locally reducible when the parties are separated, we say that it has genuine nonlocality of type~\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral 1}; otherwise, it has genuine nonlocality of type~\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral 2}. For a locally distinguishable set without local redundancy, if there exist some orthogonality preserving local measurements such that each outcome leads to a locally indistinguishable set, then we say that it exhibits the activation of nonlocality. We activate type-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral 1} and type-\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral 2} genuine nonlocality of orthogonal product state sets in tripartite systems. In particular, we tackle the local irredundancy problem with partial trace operation and ppp-ary numeral systems to significantly simplify the proofs. Our results also address the open question raised by S. Bandyopadhyay \textit{et al.}[\href{https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.104.L050201}{Phys. Rev. A \textbf{104}, L050201 (2021)}]. Furthermore, we observe the activation of hidden genuine nonlocality in multipartite systems, which highlights the applications of nonlocality based on state discrimination in different practical scenarios.
We demonstrate the possibility to activate genuine multipartite entanglement (GME), the strongest form of entanglement for multipartite states, within the framework of quantum catalysis. Specifically, we show that any biseparable state (i.e. not GME) that is not partition separable can be deterministically transformed into a GME state via the help of a catalyst and local operations, without any classical communication. In turn, we construct a catalytic protocol tailored to the multipartite case. The protocol is termed "sum-to-product", as it transforms a mixture of states into their tensor product in a heralded manner. We apply this protocol to random network entangled states, which are biseparable by construction, and demonstrate catalytic activation of both GME and genuine multipartite Bell nonlocality.