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Journal of Electronics Electromedical Engineering and Medical Informatics

Quantum-Inspired Feature Engineering and Explainable AI for Robust Heart Disease Classification

Rashmi Mothkur, C. B. Swetha

Published May 18, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Early and accurate prediction of cardiovascular disease is essential to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. This research presents a hybrid classical–quantum machine learning framework for heart disease prediction using the Cleveland dataset. The proposed pipeline integrates advanced feature engineering, bio-inspired optimization, and quantum-inspired learning to improve classification performance and interpretability. The system applies multiple feature selection techniques followed by a hybrid feature fusion strategy. Orthogonal Component Analysis is then used for dimensionality transformation, while quantum-inspired feature mapping simulates quantum state coding. A feature selection mechanism based on a Genetic Algorithm optimizes the subset of features. Classical and quantum machine learning models are evaluated, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, Quantum Support Vector Classifier, Variational Quantum Classifier, Quantum KNN, and Quantum Neural Networks. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy metrics. To ensure transparency and trustworthiness, explainable AI techniques such as SHAP, LIME and DiCE are integrated to provide local and global interpretability of predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid framework improves predictive performance by achieving 90% accuracy compared to traditional machine learning approaches, while maintaining model explainability. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 90%, indicating strong predictive capability in cardiovascular disease risk classification. A detailed analysis of class-wise performance shows that for Class 0, the model obtained a precision of 0.85, a recall of 0.97, and an F1-score of 0.90, demonstrating excellent ability to correctly identify negative cases with minimal false negatives. For Class 1, the model achieved a precision of 0.96, a recall of 0.84, and an F1-score of 0.90, indicating high confidence in positive predictions, though with slightly lower recall compared to Class 0. This study highlights the potential of combining classical feature engineering, evolutionary optimization and quantum-inspired learning for next-generation medical decision support systems. The integration of quantum-inspired techniques also provides a promising direction for improving computational efficiency and model robustness in healthcare analytics. The findings suggest that hybrid classical–quantum learning approaches can support clinicians in making faster and more reliable diagnostic decisions.

DOI
10.35882/jeeemi.v8i3.1487

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Early and accurate prediction of cardiovascular disease is essential to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. This research presents a hybrid classical–quantum machine learning framework for heart disease prediction using the Cleveland dataset. The proposed pipeline integrates advanced feature engineering, bio-inspired optimization, and quantum-inspired learning to improve classification performance and interpretability. The system applies multiple feature selection techniques followed by a hybrid feature fusion strategy. Orthogonal Component Analysis is then used for dimensionality transformation, while quantum-inspired feature mapping simulates quantum state coding. A feature selection mechanism based on a Genetic Algorithm optimizes the subset of features. Classical and quantum machine learning models are evaluated, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, Quantum Support Vector Classifier, Variational Quantum Classifier, Quantum KNN, and Quantum Neural Networks. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy metrics. To ensure transparency and trustworthiness, explainable AI techniques such as SHAP, LIME and DiCE are integrated to provide local and global interpretability of predictions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid framework improves predictive performance by achieving 90% accuracy compared to traditional machine learning approaches, while maintaining model explainability. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 90%, indicating strong predictive capability in cardiovascular disease risk classification. A detailed analysis of class-wise performance shows that for Class 0, the model obtained a precision of 0.85, a recall of 0.97, and an F1-score of 0.90, demonstrating excellent ability to correctly identify negative cases with minimal false negatives. For Class 1, the model achieved a precision of 0.96, a recall of 0.84, and an F1-score of 0.90, indicating high confidence in positive predictions, though with slightly lower recall compared to Class 0. This study highlights the potential of combining classical feature engineering, evolutionary optimization and quantum-inspired learning for next-generation medical decision support systems. The integration of quantum-inspired techniques also provides a promising direction for improving computational efficiency and model robustness in healthcare analytics. The findings suggest that hybrid classical–quantum learning approaches can support clinicians in making faster and more reliable diagnostic decisions.
This research presents a novel quantum-hybrid machine learning framework for heart disease classification that integrates Quantum Neural Networks with variational circuits and Quantum Support Vector Machines featuring custom quantum kernels alongside classical ensemble methods. The methodology employs advanced feature engineering, multi-strategy missing value imputation, and combined feature selection techniques on an enhanced dataset of 2,000 cardiovascular cases with 17 engineered features. The quantum components utilize 8-10 qubits across 5-6 variational layers with quantum interference effects for enhanced pattern recognition capabilities. Through weighted soft voting ensemble strategy and dynamic threshold optimization, the quantum-hybrid system achieved exceptional performance metrics including 96.2% accuracy, 95.8% F1-score, 94.7% precision, and 96.9% recall, significantly exceeding the 95% accuracy target. The quantum models demonstrated measurable advantages over classical approaches, with the Quantum Neural Network reaching 92.4% accuracy and Quantum SVM achieving 90.8% accuracy independently. The hybrid ensemble showed 4.3 percentage points improvement over the best individual classical model and 2.7 percentage points over standalone quantum implementations. This quantum-hybrid approach establishes superior diagnostic capabilities for cardiovascular disease prediction, particularly in minimizing false negatives critical for patient safety, positioning quantum-enhanced machine learning as a viable solution for next-generation medical diagnostic systems with clinically relevant accuracy improvements for healthcare applications.
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making early and accurate risk prediction essential. Conventional machine learning models often struggle to handle complex medical data, resulting in limited accuracy and reduced interpretability. To address these challenges, this study presents a hybrid prediction framework that combines Quantum Machine Learning (QML) with ensemble learning techniques. Classical models such as Support Vector Classifier (SVC) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are used as baseline approaches. In addition, quantum models including QSVC, Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC), and Quantum Neural Network (QNN) are employed to capture complex non-linear patterns present in clinical data. To further enhance performance, a Bagging-QSVC ensemble model is proposed, improving robustness and overall classification accuracy. Interpretability is incorporated using SHAP, allowing the model’s predictions to be more transparent and easier to understand in a clinical context. Experimental results indicate that the proposed quantum ensemble achieves an accuracy of around 90%, outperforming both classical models and individual quantum models. Furthermore, a real-time user interface is developed, enabling clinicians to input patient data and receive immediate risk predictions. Overall, the system provides a reliable and interpretable solution suitable for practical clinical decision support.
Heart disease continues to be among the top causes of death globally, and thus precise and timely detection mechanisms are necessary for successful clinical intervention. This chapter introduces a sophisticated predictive model integrating quantum-enhanced feature extraction with classical and quantum machine learning (QML) models to enhance prediction accuracy and reliability of heart disease. Quantum models like quantum random forest (QRF), quantum k-nearest neighbor (QKNN), and quantum gradient boosting classifier (QGBC) are used in conjunction with traditional models like XGBoost and SVM to investigate hybrid computational synergies. The method utilizes quantum feature mapping and entanglement-based encoding to identify intricate nonlinear patterns present in cardiovascular data. A thorough performance comparison based on the UCI Heart Disease dataset shows that quantum-augmented models exhibit better predictive accuracy, precision, and F1-scores than conventional models. The findings support the potential of quantum computing to speed up healthcare analytics and make more accurate disease diagnosis possible. This work discusses the pioneering merger of quantum computing and machine learning as a revolutionary strategy for data-driven intelligent medical decision support systems.
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading global health challenge, driving the need for advanced, accurate diagnostic tools. While classical machine learning (ML) models like XGBoost have achieved significant success in medical diagnosis, they often face challenges related to accuracy plateaus and model explainability in complex, high-dimensional data spaces. Quantum machine learning (QML) emerges as a promising paradigm to potentially overcome these limitations by leveraging quantum computational advantages. This study aims to develop and evaluate a hybrid quantum-classical pipeline for the early detection of heart disease. We integrate robust data preprocessing—including missing value imputation, feature engineering, SMOTE for class balancing, and PCA for dimensionality reduction—with two classification approaches: a classical XGBoost model and a quantum Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC). Our results demonstrate that the XGBoost model achieves strong performance with an accuracy of 88.52% and an F1-score of 0.8852 on an imbalanced test set. While the VQC model did not surpass the classical baseline in the current noisy simulation environment, it shows theoretical promise. This work highlights the practical challenges of current QML and outlines a clear pathway for future research towards achieving a quantum advantage in clinical decision support systems.
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality globally, necessitating accurate diagnostic tools for early detection and intervention. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative and hybrid analysis of quantum and classical machine learning models for heart disease prediction using the UCI Cleveland dataset. We implement classical baseline models including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost, alongside quantum models: Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM) with statevector fidelity kernels, Variational Quantum Classifier (VQC) with data-reuploading ansätze, and Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNN) with parametric pooling. The primary contribution is the development of a hybrid quantum classical ensemble meta-classifier that fuses predictions from all classical and quantum learners using XGBoost as a meta learner. Experiments conducted in Google Colab using Qiskit 1.2+ and Penny Lane 0.36+ demonstrate that the proposed hybrid ensemble achieves superior performance with 98.33accuracy, 100perfect AUC-ROC of 1.0, substantially outperforming standalone classical models (best: 88.33(best: 80hybrid model’s superiority. These results underscore the potential of quantum feature spaces combined with classical decision boundaries in healthcare prediction systems, and demonstrate the immediate utility of hybrid quantum-classical integration in medical diagnostics on near-term quantum hardware.
Early and accurate disease prediction is a major challenge in modern healthcare systems. Delayed diagnosis often leads to higher treatment costs and lower patient survival rates. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques are widely used to help with medical decision-making by analyzing complex healthcare datasets. However, traditional machine learning models often face issues with inefficient feature selection, poor hyperparameter tuning, and slow convergence during optimization. This is especially true when working with high-dimensional medical data. To tackle these challenges, this paper presents an AI-based disease prediction framework that uses quantum-inspired optimization techniques. This approach combines classical machine learning classifiers with optimization strategies based on quantum computing principles, such as probabilistic state representation and superposition-based search. These quantum-inspired methods allow for efficient exploration of the solution space, which leads to better feature selection and optimized model parameters. We evaluate the proposed framework using a publicly available healthcare dataset from Kaggle. We compare the performance of traditional machine learning models and quantum-inspired optimized models using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The experimental results show that the quantum-inspired optimized model consistently performs better than conventional approaches. This study demonstrates that quantum-inspired optimization provides a practical and scalable solution for improving AI-driven disease prediction systems without the need for actual quantum computing hardware.