Post-quantum digital signature algorithms are being developed as an alternative to classical schemes, capable of ensuring cryptographic security even in the presence of quantum computing power. The results of the analysis and research of the FULEECA, WAVE, BISCUIT, and RYDE post-quantum digital signature algorithms, which are based on different cryptographic approaches to ensuring resistance in quantum computing environments — from code and rank schemes to multilateral quadratic constructions — providing multi-level resistance to a wide range of attacks, are presented. The analysis showed that all the algorithms considered have high potential for use in post-quantum systems, meeting key requirements for security, performance, and efficiency. At the same time, each algorithm has its own requirements for resources, key and signature sizes, implementation features, and cryptographic resistance to classical and quantum attacks. The results provide a basis for further comparative analysis, as well as for formulating recommendations for the application of each of the algorithms depending on the specifics of the information system, the level of threats, and the limitations of the implementation environment.
Post-quantum digital signature algorithms are being developed as an alternative to classical schemes, capable of ensuring cryptographic security even in the presence of quantum computing power. The results of the analysis and research of the FULEECA, WAVE, BISCUIT, and RYDE post-quantum digital signature algorithms, which are based on different cryptographic approaches to ensuring resistance in quantum computing environments — from code and rank schemes to multilateral quadratic constructions — providing multi-level resistance to a wide range of attacks, are presented. The analysis showed that all the algorithms considered have high potential for use in post-quantum systems, meeting key requirements for security, performance, and efficiency. At the same time, each algorithm has its own requirements for resources, key and signature sizes, implementation features, and cryptographic resistance to classical and quantum attacks. The results provide a basis for further comparative analysis, as well as for formulating recommendations for the application of each of the algorithms depending on the specifics of the information system, the level of threats, and the limitations of the implementation environment.
Public key cryptography plays a pivotal role in maintaining digital security and privacy, with its foundations built on the hardness of certain mathematical problems. However, the emergence of quantum computing threatens the security of current cryptographic systems, making the adoption of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) an urgent necessity. Digital signature schemes are essential components in secure communications, providing authentication, non-repudiation, and data integrity. This paper examines the state of post-quantum digital signature schemes across various cryptographic approaches, including lattice-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial-based, hash-based, symmetric-key-based, and isogeny-based systems, alongside advancements in Multi-Party Computation in the Head (MPC-in-the-head) schemes. The paper then explores application-specific signatures such as blind, undeniable, threshold, chameleon, aggregate, and ring signatures, explaining their main use cases and the existing post-quantum cryptographic classifications that support these constructions individually. Software implementations of selected prominent PQC digital signature schemes were carried out, and their performance was systematically analysed using metrics such as bandwidth consumption, latency, and computational efficiency. These results provide key observations regarding the suitability of different schemes for both resource-constrained and high-performance environments. Subsequently, a detailed literature review of implementations on embedded and hardware platforms is presented, focusing on ARM-based devices and FPGA accelerators to evaluate deployment feasibility beyond general-purpose processors. Based on the software and implementation-level findings, a comparative analysis across software, embedded, and hardware platforms is conducted to highlight architectural influences on performance, scalability, and practicality. Furthermore the cryptanalytic attacks on post-quantum digital signature schemes across various PQC classifications are examined in this paper, taking into account both classical and quantum adversarial models. To evaluate realistic security constraints, implementation-oriented vulnerabilities such as side-channel and fault-based attacks are also examined. In addition, the applicability of post-quantum digital signature schemes within TLS, IoT, and related practical deployment scenarios is analysed. The study also discusses possible directions for further investigation, focusing on the requirement for effective and expandable PQC systems that can satisfy changing cybersecurity requirements. In order to protect sensitive data in the digital era, this study emphasizes the need for implementing quantum-secure systems by fusing theoretical understandings with real-world applications.
Quantum computing represents one of the most disruptive technological advancements of the 21st century, with profound implications for modern cryptographic systems. Traditional digital signature algorithms—such as RSA, DSA, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)—derive their security from mathematical problems like integer factorization and discrete logarithms, which are computationally infeasible for classical computers. However, the advent of quantum algorithms, particularly Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, poses a direct threat to these cryptographic assumptions by drastically reducing the time required to solve such problems. This development renders existing Digital Signature infrastructures potentially obsolete once large-scale quantum computers become operational. To counter this threat, researchers have proposed a range of post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial-based signature schemes, which are designed to resist quantum attacks. This paper critically examines the extent of quantum vulnerability in current Digital Signature systems and evaluates the comparative performance, efficiency, and security trade-offs of post-quantum alternatives. The study aims to provide a structured understanding of the ongoing transition toward quantum-resistant digital authentication and to propose a roadmap for secure implementation in future cryptographic environments.
One emerging threat to Public Key Infrastructures is the possible development of large-scale quantum computers, which would be able to break the public-key cryptosystems used today. Several possibly post-quantum secure cryptographic algorithms have been proposed but so far they have not been used in many practical settings. The purpose of this thesis was to find post-quantum digital signature algorithms that might be suitable for use in Public Key Infrastructures today. To answer the research question, an extensive literature study was conducted where relevant algorithms were surveyed. Algorithms with high-grade implementations in different cryptographic libraries were benchmarked for performance. Hash-based XMSS and SPHINCS, multivariate-based Rainbow and lattice-based BLISS-B were benchmarked and the results showed that BLISS-B offered the best performance, on par with RSA and ECDSA. All the algorithms did however have relatively large signature sizes and/or key sizes. Support for post-quantum digital signature algorithms in Public Key Infrastructure products could easily be achieved since many algorithms are implemented in cryptographic libraries. The algorithms that could be recommended for use today were SPHINCS for high-security applications and possibly BLISS-B for lower security applications requiring higher efficiency. The biggest obstacles to widespread deployment of post-quantum algorithms was deemed to be lack of standardisation and either inefficient operations compared to classical algorithms, uncertain security levels, or both.
As quantum computing technology evolves, it poses greater risks to current cryptography schemes such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), widely used to secure digital communications These classical algorithms are based on mathematical problems that quantum algorithms such as Shore-Grover deal with. Both, can resolve much faster, making them vulnerable to quantum attack This has given rise to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which focuses on developing quantum-resistant algorithms to protect data in the future of quantum computers classical cryptography Can Break This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms, including lattice-based, hash-based, code-based, and multivariable polynomial methods. It examines the efficiency, benefits, and challenges associated with implementing these algorithms in real-world applications. By comparing key parameters such as key size, encryption/decryption speed, and signature size, this study examines the relative strengths and limitations of post-quantum algorithms to their classical counterparts The results show that lattice-based algorithms , such as NTRU and Kyber, offer promising solutions with relative efficiency and manageable key sizes, making them potential candidates for quantum-resistant cryptography but other approaches , such as SPHINCS+ (hash-based) and McEliece (code-based), large -Face challenges of key size and slow encryption speed, which may limit their usefulness in some applications Despite these challenges, quantum post-cryptography is necessary to secure the future of digital communications.
It is also worth noting that the implementation of quantum computing has been a big threat to the classical cryptographic algorithms that are popular in secure networked systems. PostQuantum Cryptography (PQC) has come to play as one of the viable answers to this issue because it has the capacity to resist quantum-enabled attacks. In this paper, the author offers a detailed performance analysis of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, lattice-based encryption which is based on the Learning with Errors (LWE) principle, and hashbased digital signatures which is based on SPHINCS+. An experimental environment was created that is controlled by using specific performance measures, such as time of key generation, the latency of encryption and decryption, amount of memory, and the size of keys and ciphertext. To determine the suitability of PQC in guaranteeing confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity over insecure channels, secure network communication was emulated. Through experimental findings, it has been shown that the lattice-based generation of keys has greater overhead in terms of computation and memory, but the encryption, decryption and signature processes have feasible limits. The results validate the practicability of the post-quantum cryptography mechanisms implementation in the practical secure network systems and the trade-off between the increased quantum resistance and the resource consumption.
The advent of quantum computing presents a significant threat to the security of asymmetric cryptographic algorithms, necessitating the adoption of new cryptographic mechanisms resilient to quantum-based attacks. This need is particularly critical for applications that rely exclusively on public-key cryptography, such as digital signatures. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the performance of various post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, focusing specifically on NIST-standardized digital signature algorithms—SPHINCS+ and Dilithium—and their practical implementations. The study evaluates these algorithms across different programming languages to identify optimal environments for diverse applications. Comparative analyses with the widely used RSA algorithm reveal that the computational cost of adopting post-quantum cryptographic systems is relatively low. Notably, some post-quantum algorithms demonstrate performance advantages over classical RSA in specific scenarios.