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International Journal of Theoretical Physics

Calculations of Ground-State Energy Eigenvalues in Hadron Physics with Quantum Simulation

ChangYue Zhu, Gang 刚 Li 李, Mao Song, Xuan Luo

Published May 13, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10773-026-06359-5

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The analogy between quantum chemistry and light-front quantum field theory, first noted by Wilson, serves as motivation to develop light-front quantum simulation of quantum field theory. We demonstrate how calculations of hadron structure can be performed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices within the basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) framework. Within BLFQ, relativistic quantum field theories take a form that permits direct application of methods for digital quantum simulation of quantum chemistry, which can be readily scaled into the quantum advantage regime. We calculate the light-front wave functions of pions using an effective light-front Hamiltonian in a basis representation on a current quantum processor. We use the variational quantum eigensolver to find the ground-state energy and the corresponding wave function, which is subsequently used to calculate pion mass radius, decay constant, elastic form factor, and charge radius.
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A framework for simulating the real-time dynamics of composite particles in a simple model of dense matter that is amenable to quantum computers is developed. As a demonstration, we perform classical simulations of heavy-hadrons propagating through a dense medium in the Schwinger model. Measurements of the time-dependent energy and charge density are used to identify mechanisms responsible for energy loss and hadron production (hadronization). A study of entanglement dynamics highlights the importance of quantum coherence between the particles that make up the dense medium. Throughout this work, care is taken to isolate, and remove, phenomena that arise solely from a finite lattice spacing. It is found that signatures of entanglement are more sensitive to lattice artifacts than other observables. Toward quantum simulations, we present an efficient method and the corresponding quantum circuits for preparing ground states in the presence of heavy mesons. These circuits are used to estimate the resources required to simulate in-medium energy loss and hadronization in the Schwinger model using quantum computers.
High-energy collisions produce large numbers of quarks and gluons that are bound into hadrons by the confining interactions of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This hadronization process is intrinsically real-time and non-perturbative. Event generators describe hadronization using phenomenological models with parameters fitted to data rather than calculated from QCD. Uncertainties in these models limit the precision of certain measurements at the Large Hadron Collider. Quantum computers could enable first-principles simulations of these dynamics. Existing quantum simulations of gauge theories have demonstrated string-breaking dynamics. This white paper summarizes the conclusions of the InQubator for Quantum Simulation workshop \textit{From String Dynamics to Event Generation with Quantum Simulation}. We develop a roadmap for extending these simulations to inform phenomenological models of hadronization. A sequence of toy models is proposed for connecting current quantum simulations to QCD. The observables that should be extracted are listed, and the challenges that separate present simulations from quantitative predictions are identified. We propose a staged program in which quantum simulations first provide qualitative modifications to event generators and later provide quantitative input.