We present four postulates that together constitute a self-consistent ontological framework for physics, which we call The Ultimate Relativity. The framework proposes: (I) that all physical entities - mass, energy, charge - are restructurings of space itself (the Space Postulate); (II) that every particle is created together with a superluminal shadow/wave counterpart carrying opposite energy, momentum, and angular momentum, separated from the observable particle by the perceptual boundary at speed c (the Pair Postulate); (III) that a particle's existence is discrete - it appears and disappears with a characteristic "motional frequency" that is the physical origin of time (the Time Postulate); and (IV) that any detection event involves the simultaneous meeting of the particle and its shadow at the detector (the Measurement Postulate). We show that these four postulates are not in conflict with established physics but rather provide a deeper ontological foundation for it: the Space Postulate corresponds to Wheeler's spacetime foam and emergent-spacetime programmes; the Pair Postulate identifies the shadow with the de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave and naturally produces Zitterbewegung; the Time Postulate recovers the de Broglie internal clock relation nu_0=m_0c^2/h, confirmed experimentally; and the Measurement Postulate provides a concrete physical mechanism for the Born rule without invoking wavefunction collapse. We further show that the Pair Postulate implies a velocity-dependent rest charge for the electron - the central postulate of Dan's reformulation of electromagnetism - as a direct consequence. The framework therefore unifies the relativistic charge reformulation, the cosmic expansion mechanism, and the neutron magnetic moment derivation under a single coherent set of first principles.
We present four postulates that together constitute a self-consistent ontological framework for physics, which we call The Ultimate Relativity. The framework proposes: (I) that all physical entities - mass, energy, charge - are restructurings of space itself (the Space Postulate); (II) that every particle is created together with a superluminal shadow/wave counterpart carrying opposite energy, momentum, and angular momentum, separated from the observable particle by the perceptual boundary at speed c (the Pair Postulate); (III) that a particle's existence is discrete - it appears and disappears with a characteristic "motional frequency" that is the physical origin of time (the Time Postulate); and (IV) that any detection event involves the simultaneous meeting of the particle and its shadow at the detector (the Measurement Postulate). We show that these four postulates are not in conflict with established physics but rather provide a deeper ontological foundation for it: the Space Postulate corresponds to Wheeler's spacetime foam and emergent-spacetime programmes; the Pair Postulate identifies the shadow with the de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave and naturally produces Zitterbewegung; the Time Postulate recovers the de Broglie internal clock relation nu_0=m_0c^2/h, confirmed experimentally; and the Measurement Postulate provides a concrete physical mechanism for the Born rule without invoking wavefunction collapse. We further show that the Pair Postulate implies a velocity-dependent rest charge for the electron - the central postulate of Dan's reformulation of electromagnetism - as a direct consequence. The framework therefore unifies the relativistic charge reformulation, the cosmic expansion mechanism, and the neutron magnetic moment derivation under a single coherent set of first principles.
Addressing the fundamental metaphysical question of the origin of Being, this paper takes de Broglie’s classical wave mechanics (1924) as its scientific foundation and constructs a self‑consistent interpretive framework of information ontology. It establishes three core axioms: information as the primordial ground, relations prior to entities, and global conservation of information. On this basis, the paper further derives the origin of spatiotemporal dimensions from the laws of information interaction: each basic flip configuration of information corresponds to the generation of a spatial dimension; after three‑dimensional topological closure is completed, the inevitably produced “pending redundant information” that cannot be synchronously and self‑consistently integrated gives rise to the dimension of time within its queuing sequence. Spacetime is therefore not an a priori container but the first compensatory stratum of structure through which information moves toward self‑consistent expression. Subsequently, by means of de Broglie’s phase field, the paper deduces the entire evolutionary chain from pure information distinctions and primordial phase oscillation to the emergence of material hierarchies and quantum‑observation interactions. It argues that quantum measurement and wave‑function collapse are essentially topological remappings and information‑coupling consolidations of heterogeneous phase fields; gravitation and cosmic expansion can be reduced to macroscopic effects of phase gradients. Throughout the text, physical references are strictly limited to de Broglie’s classical wave mechanics, without introducing non‑standard physical models. This study supplements fundamental physical philosophy with a relational‑ontology approach and provides a unified information‑theoretic metaphysical interpretation for foundational problems such as wave–particle duality, the origin of spacetime, and the nature of gravity.
Standard quantum mechanics requires six independent axioms of the Copenhagen interpretation, all formulated in a non-relativistic framework lacking Lorentz invariance and thus fundamentally inconsistent with Minkowski spacetime. This paper argues that the measurement problem, wave-function collapse, Schrödinger's cat, and the non-locality of entanglement share a common root: non-relativistic quantum mechanics is an approximation of a more fundamental theory, and interpretations built upon an approximation cannot be fully correct. We propose Spacetime Wave Quantum Theory (SWQ theory), which takes Minkowski spacetime as its sole geometric premise and proceeds from two axioms: Axiom 1 (Quantum nature): A quantum exists in spacetime with finite extent and behaves as a wave whose action changes only in discrete multiples of h. Axiom 2 (Superposition principle): Superposition on multiple paths holds if and only if no difference arises in the state of external quanta between those paths — a purely physical condition with no role for observer consciousness. From these two axioms, the Klein–Gordon and Dirac equations are derived directly, with the Schrödinger equation recovered as their non-relativistic limit. The six Copenhagen axioms are replaced by two. Central concept — the Spacetime Action Packet (SAP): Every quantum occupies a finite four-dimensional spacetime region. For energy E, the temporal thickness satisfies Δt ≳ h/E. The SAP has a minimum size but no upper bound; quantum interactions are described as overlap integrals over the spacetime volume where two SAPs coincide. A key consequence is that different quanta — including three quarks inside a nucleon and neutrinos traversing the Earth — can occupy the same spacetime region without restriction; the Pauli exclusion principle applies only to identical fermions in identical states. Principal results of v2.0: Wave-function collapse is dissolved as the physical end and beginning of a quantum wave (wave-terminating interaction); the projection postulate is unnecessary. Feynman spacetime integration and virtual particles acquire a natural physical basis; finite SAP size provides an intrinsic UV cutoff without renormalization. Zero-point energy (ħω/2) is diagnosed as an artifact of operator ordering in quantization — not a physical entity — rendering the cosmological constant problem a structural consequence of summing a quantity that was never real. A first-order extension to a-ECG curved spacetime shows that gravitational redshift, gravitational mass deficit, and the increase in SAP temporal thickness all scale as √A(r), unifying classical and quantum descriptions of energy conservation under gravity. These results are supported by quantitative tests obtained without renormalization: the electron anomalous magnetic moment ae = α/2π (1-loop) and 2-loop coefficient C4 to 0.0015%; the Compton cross-section to within 0.07% of the Klein–Nishina formula; and nucleon magnetic moments to ∼1.5%. Details appear in the series papers on the Rotating Spinor Wave (RSW) model. Series context: SWQ theory forms the foundational framework for the RSW model (unified description of fermion spin, g-factors, and hadron mass spectra) and the Energy-Conserving Gravity theory (a-ECG, a modification of general relativity incorporating full energy-momentum conservation). These three papers constitute an interconnected series. Note: Generative AI tools (Claude Sonnet 4.6, Anthropic; Grok, xAI) were used for drafting and language checking. All scientific content and responsibility rest solely with the author.
We present complex-time (CT) theory, a framework in which the fundamental structures of quantum mechanics are derived from three physical postulates concerning the internal structure of time. The postulates are: (P1) physical time possesses two orthogonal components — past-fixed (pf), representing actualized, irreversible records, and future-pending (fp), representing physically real but undetermined possibilities; (P2) pf and fp are orthogonal (pf fp); and (P3) the total temporal magnitude is conserved (pf + fp = 1). From these three postulates alone, we show that: (i) the state space is the unit circle and the dynamical group is , so that the imaginary unit arises as the unique generator of temporal evolution — not as a mathematical convenience but as a consequence of temporal geometry; (ii) the Schrödinger equation follows from the identification of energy with the rate of phase rotation in the pf–fp plane, with the Planck constant playing the role of a natural constant intrinsic to the pf/fp structure; (iii) the de Broglie–Einstein relation holds universally — for massive and massless particles alike — because the wave structure belongs to time itself, not to any particular particle; (iv) the uncertainty principle is a geometric consequence of the impossibility of fully eliminating fp while preserving ; (v) the complex structure of Hilbert space, the inner product, and the Born rule all follow from the geometry of fp pf projection; and (vi) energy quantization emerges from a “real-axis sampling” rule without imposing discreteness on the underlying dynamics. We further show that the CT framework provides unified descriptions of double-slit interference, quantum tunneling, unstable-state decay widths, and the structural origin of the arrow of time. Preliminary experimental predictions for quantum-circuit observables are stated, and applications to cosmological dark-energy phenomenology, galaxy rotation curves, and Lorentzian path-integral contour selection are outlined with references to dedicated companion papers. The central thesis is that quantum mechanics is not a theory of particles with mysterious wave-like properties, but a consequence of the internal structure of time — time whose wave-like phase (fp) is projected, irreversibly and discretely, onto the real axis (pf) in every act of measurement. Keywords: complex time; temporal structure; imaginary unit; quantum mechanics derivation; past-fixed / future-pending decomposition; Born rule; energy quantization; measurement; irreversibility; arrow of time
It is well recognized that two of the foundational theories of modern physics, relativity and quantum mechanics, are inconsistent. Efforts to overcome this through intensive pursuit of unifying theoretical frameworks or improvements in experimental precision as pursued by Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl and Standard-Model-Extension test theory protocols, have so far proven unsuccessful. Nonetheless, empirical evidence deriving from investigations inspired by the twentieth-century 'EPR' polemic, can now claim to have identified 'locality' and 'separability' as notions integral to special relativity theory inconsistent with quantum mechanics and experimental evidence supporting it. Following intimations of J.S. Bell, L. Smolin, Maudlin and others, the history and philosophy of science are engaged as research tools to uncover the origins of the assumptions underlying such incompatibility. In particular, known but prevalent fallacies and the deprecation of processes as described by Whitehead, together with recent insights into the functional distinctions between representative models and explanatory theories, are engaged. Analysis of the evolution of optical and electromagnetic theorizing is then suggested to demonstrate that the choice of a mechanically compatible model of electromagnetic radiation, as has conventionally underwritten development of the light-speed postulate of special relativity, is inappropriate. Pursuing options made available within a multiple models idealization of optical and electromagnetic phenomena, replacement of the sponsoring model by a nonlocal and non-separable wavefront process of radiation of the form advanced by Fresnel and Kirchhoff on the basis of Huygens' principle, suggests the possibility of reformulation of relativity theory without incurring such conflicts. However, choice of a wavefront electrodynamic model including the extinction theorem of Ewald and Oseen, equally suggests possible theory reformulation without necessitating a four-dimensional construct of space and time or postulating an absolute constancy of light-speed in vacuum. Such a constancy can in turn be considered as demonstrating an innate limitation on empirical observation resulting from the loss of relative velocity information during electromagnetic transmission due to the memorylessness of the Markov propagation process of refraction together with information flow discontinuity resulting from dielectric boundary extinction events. Such characteristics are shown to be applicable to electromagnetic radiation of all frequencies. Further, from a wavefront reformulated hypothesis of inertial relative motion, it appears possible to demonstrate that the Galilean principle of relativity can be preserved. However, Lorentz invariance would then require reinterpretation wherein the Lorentz transform group would be deemed to quantify the degree of information distortion inherently experienced by any empirical enquiry into electrodynamics involving relative motion.
This paper presents a novel theory of wave mechanics derived from a re-examination of the foundations of relativity. By expanding the traditional linear transformation ansatz to include a vector-valued temporal component, we demonstrate that Einstein's postulates, coupled with the principle of single-valued time, are sufficient to predict wave-like, quantizable behavior in particle motion. This approach naturally leads to a Clifford algebra framework and reveals the necessity of a dynamic, higher-dimensional temporal space. We derive Lorentz transformations and demonstrate the origin of the spacetime metric's signature. Furthermore, we obtain relations analogous to De Broglie's and show compatibility with Planck's distribution law. Notably, our theory provides a unified framework for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles and offers a complete, normalized solution for a particle at rest, resolving a long-standing challenge in quantum mechanics. The inherent coupling of the Einstein Field Equations with the derived wave equation suggests potential implications for cosmology, including alternative explanations for dark matter and MOND. This work establishes a foundation for a new, consistent, and intuitive understanding of the quantum world, with experimentally testable predictions that distinguish it from conventional quantum mechanics.
This paper presents a novel theory of wave mechanics derived from a re-examination of the foundations of relativity. By expanding the traditional linear transformation ansatz to include a vector-valued temporal component, we demonstrate that Einstein's postulates, coupled with the principle of single-valued time, are sufficient to predict wave-like, quantizable behavior in particle motion. This approach naturally leads to a Clifford algebra framework and reveals the necessity of a dynamic, higher-dimensional temporal space. We derive Lorentz transformations and demonstrate the origin of the spacetime metric's signature. Furthermore, we obtain relations analogous to De Broglie's and show compatibility with Planck's distribution law. Notably, our theory provides a unified framework for spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles and offers a complete, normalized solution for a particle at rest, resolving a long-standing challenge in quantum mechanics. The inherent coupling of the Einstein Field Equations with the derived wave equation suggests potential implications for cosmology, including alternative explanations for dark matter and MOND. This work establishes a foundation for a new, consistent, and intuitive understanding of the quantum world, with experimentally testable predictions that distinguish it from conventional quantum mechanics.