A Survey of Quantum Computing: Foundations, Challenges, and Emerging Directions
Marwa R. Hassan, Taha M. Mahmoud, Naima Kaabouch
Quantum computing represents a transformative shift in computational paradigms by leveraging quantum mechanical phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference. Unlike classical computers, which rely on binary logic, quantum systems exploit these principles to solve certain problems more efficiently. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of the field, drawing from extensive literature spanning foundational quantum principles through key quantum algorithms, hardware platforms, and programming tools. The analysis bridges theoretical foundations with practical engineering challenges, examining both current capabilities and fundamental limitations of quantum systems. The paper also explores applications in cryptography, optimization, and quantum simulation, while addressing the ethical implications and long-term prospects of quantum technologies. Distinct from prior surveys, this work provides a unified perspective that connects quantum theory to practical implementation, supporting researchers and students in navigating the evolving landscape of quantum computing.
•Feb 27, 2026•0 citations