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Physica Scripta

Automated symbolic generation of Feynman diagram contributions at finite temperature

Hanna Belghit, Radhia Boukhalfa, Chafia Bendjeroudib, Souraya Lagraa, Mohamed Amine Tag

Published May 7, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract In this work, we present a Python code that automatically calculates the integration over imaginary time of the contributions from many-body Feynman diagrams at finite temperature. The method is based on the recently developed finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory (FT-MBPT) and uses algorithms from graph theory. The code systematically generates the analytical expressions for the grand potential associated with each vacuum diagram, together with the corresponding symmetry factor, at a given perturbative order n . This framework can be used to compute the thermodynamic properties of fermionic and bosonic systems at a given temperature, including the zero-temperature limit.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ae6a44

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We present symbolic algorithms designed to investigate the perturbative expansions of the d-Hubbard model. These methods are part of recent developments in many-body perturbation theory that aim to reformulate Feynman diagrams in terms of divided differences. The direct application of this technique to the one-dimensional Hubbard model yields the coefficients of the grand potential up to the sixth order, expressed in terms of both the interacting potential (U expansions) and high-temperature expansions (β expansions). A key feature of this approach is the ability to merge the β expansions to any desired order. To verify our analytical results, we compare the derived magnetic susceptibility with the exact solution of the quantum transfer matrix method in the half-filled case.

Acta Physica Polonica A•Feb 1, 2025•2 citations
Abstract In this work, we present a Python code that automatically calculates the integration over imaginary time of the contributions from many-body Feynman diagrams at finite temperature. The method is based on the recently developed finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory (FT-MBPT) and uses algorithms from graph theory. The code systematically generates the analytical expressions for the grand potential associated with each vacuum diagram, together with the corresponding symmetry factor, at a given perturbative order n . This framework can be used to compute the thermodynamic properties of fermionic and bosonic systems at a given temperature, including the zero-temperature limit.
We describe the first version (v1.0.0) of the code ADG that automatically (1) generates all valid Bogoliubov many-body perturbation theory (BMBPT) diagrams and (2) evaluates their algebraic expression to be implemented for numerical applications . This is achieved at any perturbative order p for a Hamiltonian containing both two-body (four-legs) and three-body (six-legs) interactions (vertices). The automated generation of BMBPT diagrams of order p relies on elements of graph theory, i.e., it is achieved by producing all oriented adjacency matrices of size ( p + 1 ) × ( p + 1 ) satisfying topological Feynman’s rules. The automated evaluation of BMBPT diagrams of order p relies both on the application of algebraic Feynman’s rules and on the identification of a powerful diagrammatic rule providing the result of the remaining p -tuple time integral. The diagrammatic rule in question constitutes a novel finding allowing for the straight summation of large classes of time-ordered diagrams at play in the time-independent formulation of BMBPT. Correspondingly, the traditional resolvent rule employed to compute time-ordered diagrams happens to be a particular case of the general rule presently identified. The code ADG is written in Python2.7 and uses the graph manipulation package NetworkX . The code is also able to generate and evaluate Hartree–Fock-MBPT (HF-MBPT) diagrams and is made flexible enough to be expanded throughout the years to tackle the diagrammatics used in various many-body formalisms that already exist or are yet to be formulated. Program summary Program Title: ADG Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/6h4xrydwfb.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3 Programming language: Python2.7 Nature of problem: As formal and numerical developments in many-body-perturbation-theory-based ab initio methods make higher orders reachable, producing and evaluating all the diagrams become rapidly undoable on a handmade basis as both their number and complexity grow quickly, making it prone to mistakes and oversights. Solution method : BMBPT diagrams are encoded as square matrices known as oriented adjacency matrices in graph theory, and then turned into graph objects using the NetworkX package. Checks on the diagrams and evaluation of their time-integrated expression are then done on a purely diagrammatic basis. HF-MBPT diagrams are produced and evaluated as well using the same principle.
Abstract We present a new algorithm to evaluate the grand potential at high and finite temperatures using many-body perturbation theory. This algorithm enables us to calculate the contribution of any Hugenholtz or Feynman vacuum diagrams and formulate the results as a sum of divided differences. Additionally, the proposed method is applicable to any interaction in any dimension, allowing us to calculate thermodynamic quantities efficiently at any given temperature, particularly at high temperatures.Furthermore, we apply this algorithm to the Heisenberg spin-1/2 XXZ chain. We obtain all coefficients of the high-temperature expansion of the free energy and susceptibility per site of this model up to the sixth order.
A comprehensive and detailed account is presented for the finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory for electrons that expands in power series all thermodynamic functions on an equal footing. Algebraic recursions in the style of the Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory are derived for the grand potential, chemical potential, internal energy, and entropy in the grand canonical ensemble and for the Helmholtz energy, internal energy, and entropy in the canonical ensemble, leading to their sum-over-states analytical formulas at any arbitrary order. For the grand canonical ensemble, these sum-over-states formulas are systematically transformed to sum-over-orbitals reduced analytical formulas by the quantum-field-theoretical techniques of normal-ordered second quantization and Feynman diagrams extended to finite temperature. It is found that the perturbation corrections to energies entering the recursions have to be treated as a nondiagonal matrix, whose off-diagonal elements are generally nonzero within a subspace spanned by degenerate Slater determinants. They give rise to a unique set of linked diagrams-renormalization diagrams-whose resolvent lines are displaced upward, which are distinct from the well-known anomalous diagrams of which one or more resolvent lines are erased. A linked-diagram theorem is introduced that proves the size-consistency of the finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory at any order. General-order algorithms implementing the recursions establish the convergence of the perturbation series toward the finite-temperature full-configuration-interaction limit unless the series diverges. The normal-ordered Hamiltonian at finite temperature sheds light on the relationship between the finite-temperature Hartree-Fock and first-order many-body perturbation theories.
This thesis develops and applies numerical tools for studying strongly correlated models at finite temperature. Strongly correlated materials exhibit rich emergent behavior, including high temperature superconductivity, exotic magnetism, and metal–insulator transitions. To study these phenomena, Feynman diagrammatics based on perturbation theory provides the foundation for both perturbative and non-perturbative numerical techniques. The thesis focuses on the diagrammatic evaluation of singleand two-particle response functions, with the truncation order acting as a control parameter. Recent advances in symbolic computation have led to the Algorithmic Matsubara Integration (AMI) technique, a central computational technique utilized in this work. AMI generates a symbolic representation of arbitrary Feynman diagrams and resolves the nested Matsubara sums via the residue theorem, yielding closedform semi-analytical expressions, with the remaining momentum integrals evaluated stochastically. The first part of the thesis adopts a pedagogical approach, introducing the generic many-body Hamiltonian, motivating the Hubbard model as a prototype for correlated systems, and reviewing Green’s function formalism in many-body theory. In the first application, we employ AMI to evaluate the pairing susceptibility to measure superconducting fluctuations in the single-band Hubbard model. We identify two dominant 𝑞 = [0,0] and 𝑞 = [π,π] 𝑑-wave pairing modes and map the correlation length and amplitude across the phase space 𝑇–𝑡'– 𝜇, defined by temperature 𝑇, nearest-neighbor hopping 𝑡' and chemical potential 𝜇. Next, we present an algorithm that assigns band indices to arbitrary Feynman topologies symbolically and iteratively using the non-zero elements of interaction tensor Uabcd. Applied to all connected topologies, it generates the full set of contributing diagrams for multiorbital problems. Combined with AMI, this framework termed MB-AMI enables systematic diagrammatic expansion for any low-energy multi-band system with arbitrary longrange interactions. We benchmark the method on molecular H₂ and on the Hubbard ii model under a Zeeman field. Using MB-AMI, we study the multilayer Hubbard model and the layer-resolved features of the pairing susceptibility. We report a monotonic but sublinear increase in the pairing response with layer stacking, assisted by pair-hopping interactions, with a well defined three-dimensional limit. Finally, motivated by the spin-dependent renormalization of screened interactions 𝑊ᵤᵤ and 𝑊ud, we propose a phenomenological extended Hubbard model where nearest-neighbor interactions 𝑉 are spin-dependent and independently tunable. We explore all four quadrants of the 𝑉ᵤᵤ–𝑉ud phase space, focusing particularly on the ferromagnetic-like regime 𝑉ud > 𝑉ᵤᵤ. In this regime, we find that competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations give rise to an exotic spin-density wave (SDW). We study the resulting fermi surface reconstruction and the emergence of triplet 𝑝-wave pairing from the induced SDW. In conclusion, we propose that merging MB-AMI with the Discrete Lehmann Representation (DLR) into a unified framework opens a pathway to performing high order, fully self-consistent diagrammatic calculations for accurate ab initio simulations of realistic materials.
We present symbolic algorithms designed to investigate the perturbative expansions of the d-Hubbard model. These methods are part of recent developments in many-body perturbation theory that aim to reformulate Feynman diagrams in terms of divided differences. The direct application of this technique to the one-dimensional Hubbard model yields the coefficients of the grand potential up to the sixth order, expressed in terms of both the interacting potential (U expansions) and high-temperature expansions (β expansions). A key feature of this approach is the ability to merge the β expansions to any desired order. To verify our analytical results, we compare the derived magnetic susceptibility with the exact solution of the quantum transfer matrix method in the half-filled case.