This paper discusses the development of superconducting quantum systems in terms of qubit design, enhancement of coherence, and scalable quantum circuit layouts. The time frame covers global research that has been published between 2020-2025 and both industrial and academic advances in the area of superconducting qubit technologies were covered. The dataset was filtered using PRISMA-based curation, which narrowed the initial 737 records to 462 English-language publications using a structured scientometric methodology. To reveal research trends, bibliometric analyses, such as citation measures, keyword mapping, and journal collaboration and performance, were performed. The outcomes indicate a fast-growing discipline with substantial input from large institutions such as MIT, USTC, and Delft, as well as industry front-runners such as IBM and Google. Among the new themes identified in the findings are error-corrected qubits, controllable couplers, cryogenic control hardware, and modular quantum systems. In general, this paper provides a detailed overview of the research landscape, outlines areas of innovation hotspots, and defines the future perspectives of scalable quantum processor development.
This paper discusses the development of superconducting quantum systems in terms of qubit design, enhancement of coherence, and scalable quantum circuit layouts. The time frame covers global research that has been published between 2020-2025 and both industrial and academic advances in the area of superconducting qubit technologies were covered. The dataset was filtered using PRISMA-based curation, which narrowed the initial 737 records to 462 English-language publications using a structured scientometric methodology. To reveal research trends, bibliometric analyses, such as citation measures, keyword mapping, and journal collaboration and performance, were performed. The outcomes indicate a fast-growing discipline with substantial input from large institutions such as MIT, USTC, and Delft, as well as industry front-runners such as IBM and Google. Among the new themes identified in the findings are error-corrected qubits, controllable couplers, cryogenic control hardware, and modular quantum systems. In general, this paper provides a detailed overview of the research landscape, outlines areas of innovation hotspots, and defines the future perspectives of scalable quantum processor development.
Abstract Superconducting quantum computing has emerged as a leading platform in the pursuit of practical quantum computers, driven by rapid advances from industry, academia, and government initiatives. This review examines the state of superconducting quantum technology, with emphasis on qubit design, processor architecture, scalability, and supporting quantum software. We compare the hardware strategies and performance milestones of key players—including IBM Quantum, Google Quantum AI, Rigetti Computing, Intel Quantum, QuTech, and Oxford Quantum Circuits—highlighting innovations in qubit coherence, control, and system integration. Landmark demonstrations such as quantum supremacy experiments are discussed alongside progress toward real-world applications in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. Beyond hardware, attention is given to the broader software and service ecosystem, including quantum programming frameworks, operating environments, and cloud-accessible platforms such as Amazon Braket, Azure Quantum, and OriginQ Cloud, which enable remote access and algorithm development. Persistent challenges in superconducting quantum computing—such as error correction, system stability, and large-scale integration—are assessed in light of emerging approaches aimed at fault-tolerant quantum computing. As the field moves from the NISQ era toward fault-tolerant quantum computing, we capture the defining hardware achievements and characteristics of current superconducting processors, while examining the ongoing efforts and challenges in overcoming NISQ-era limitations. These developments offer critical insights into the path toward scalable quantum systems and their transformative impact on future technologies, while also underscoring the strategic and societal considerations that require balancing innovation with responsible oversight and thoughtful governance.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of quantum computing and the technological foundations of quantum processors. Quantum computing represents a transformative computational paradigm that leverages the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics—such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference—to solve complex problems that are intractable for classical computers. At the core of this paradigm lies the quantum processor, a specialized hardware system designed to initialize, control, and measure quantum bits (qubits) through precise gate operations and coherent interactions. The survey examines the essential theoretical concepts underlying quantum computation and provides a structured comparison of leading quantum processor platforms. Prominent architectures, including superconducting circuits, trapped-ion systems, and photonic implementations, are analyzed in terms of their physical mechanisms, scalability, coherence properties, and engineering challenges. Each platform offers distinct advantages and faces specific technical limitations related to noise, error correction, and fabrication complexity. In addition to reviewing hardware developments, this study highlights key obstacles in advancing quantum processors toward large-scale, fault-tolerant systems. Issues such as qubit stability, error mitigation, thermal management, and system integration are discussed to present a realistic perspective on current progress. Performance indicators including gate fidelity, coherence time, connectivity, and scalability are used to compare architectural approaches. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear and organized synthesis of recent advancements in quantum computing hardware, thereby offering researchers and practitioners a foundational reference to support continued innovation and development in this rapidly evolving field.
Superconducting qubits are pivotal in advancing quantum computing, poised for scale but limited by the complexity and fidelity of their control and readout systems, relying on RF and signal processing infrastructure. This survey serves as a comprehensive and technically grounded review of control and readout architectures tailored for superconducting qubits. Synthesizing insights from device physics, circuit design, microwave engineering, signal processing, and cryogenic integration, this work details the practicalities of RF pulse generation, signal synthesis, and readout signal analysis for quantum systems. it covers key requirements, parameters, and pulse engineering techniques, including commonly used envelopes like Gaussian and DRAG designs. Moving to the system level, this survey systematically classifies and critically analyses current architectural strategies (covering key areas like frequency conversion, waveform management, and system infrastructure) and technology platforms (including adaptive classical control stacks, cryogenic CMOS circuits, and novel interconnects and interfaces), evaluating their trade-offs in performance. Extensive literature analysis identifies prevailing limitations such as wiring complexity, thermal budget constraints, latency, and power consumption, while highlighting underexplored opportunities for on-chip signal processing and novel interconnects, drawing analogies to advanced communication systems design. By consolidating diverse control paradigms and critically evaluating their trade-offs, this survey provides a unified foundation for designing next-generation quantum control stacks. Finally, a forward-looking roadmap outlines key trends in monolithic integration, cryo-compatible digital architectures, and physics-informed hardware co-design, offering both a retrospective synthesis and a prospective vision for quantum hardware engineering beyond the NISQ era.
This paper presents a comprehensive systematic and bibliometric review of the rapidly expanding literature on quantum computing. The study addresses six research questions concerning prominent themes, temporal evolution, types of key findings, frequently reported research gaps, higher-order gap typologies, and future research directions. Utilizing a researcher-curated database, the final corpus comprises 153 studies compiled from non-Scopus, Scopus and Web of Science. The results demonstrate that quantum hardware and architecture, algorithms, and theoretical foundations dominate the current literature. Furthermore, publication output has risen significantly between 2018 and 2025. Among the reported findings, algorithmic innovations, performance claims, and hardware advancements are the most common. Despite this progress, the field faces substantial barriers; technical, scalability, fault-tolerance, and methodological-standardization gaps are the most frequently reported. Based on these identified gaps, eight actionable future research directions emerge to guide the scientific community. Ultimately, this review concludes that quantum computing is actively transitioning from a purely physics-driven domain into a multidisciplinary, engineering- and application-oriented science. However, its continued advancement is presently constrained by a hardware-methodology-application triad, wherein reporting practices often outpace empirical verification and standardized benchmarking.
This chapter discusses a systematic review of the literature available on quantum computers from their theoretical bases through their current advances to their trends in the future. It uses the PRISMA approach to collect such writings from many fields, including physics, computer science, and engineering. It identifies crucial breakthroughs, including Feynman’s conjecture and Shor’s algorithm, and examines how they have affected modern quantum computing paradigms. The said focus areas will center on quantum algorithms, hardware developments in quantum information technology, cryptography, and machine learning, all with an emphasis on their combined contribution to the growth of the field. Identified milestones include achievements of the so-called quantum supremacy and advances made possible by qubit technologies, such as superconducting circuits and ion traps. The review not only presents future challenges, such as scalability, error correction, and noise management, but also pinpoints research gaps and possible avenues for subsequent exploration. The chapter examines the themes of interdisciplinary collaboration and funding trends as well as emerging issues such as quantum cloud computing and hybrid quantum-classical models. Such an overview of the trajectory of quantum computing by this review is also an academic reference as well as a strategic guide for researchers, policymakers, and technologists traversing this fast-evolving field.
Abstract Superconducting qubits are multilevel micro-fabricated artificial atoms based on superconducting materials. They are mainly operated in the low microwave frequency range (2–8 GHz) and require to be cooled below 20 mK to maintain quantum coherence. They enable precise engineering of transition frequencies and coupling strengths, facilitating advancements in quantum information processing and light-matter interactions. The field has evolved from early devices, characterized by short coherence times, to modern architectures with improved noise resilience, scalability, and fidelity. Better performances have been achieved through innovations in materials, fabrication, control electronics, and circuit design, enabling qubits with millisecond coherence times and gate fidelities exceeding 99.9%. However, challenges remain in mitigating two-level system defects, scaling devices, and addressing the cryogenic and infrastructure needs of larger quantum processing units. Current research focuses on modular and scalable architectures, error correction, and application. The field’s progress highlights the potential for superconducting qubits to drive advancements in quantum computation.