Traditional quantum mechanics uses wave-particle duality to explain single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference phenomena, claiming that photons exhibit both particle and wave properties and can form light and dark patterns through self-interference. This theory violates objective physical logic. This paper proposes a new theory: photons always maintain uniform linear motion, accompanied by 360° omnidirectional, random, and uncontrollable microscopic tremor. The patterns in single-slit and double-slit experiments are macroscopic phenomena formed by collision, reflection, and angular deflection of photons with slit walls due to their tremor, followed by geometric amplification and statistical superposition of a large number of photon trajectories, having no connection with light wave interference or diffraction. This paper designs a carbon nanotube light-absorbing/non-absorbing control experiment and a receiving plate distance variable auxiliary experiment. Both experiments can quantitatively verify the theory, forming a complete logical closed loop and completely overthrowing the traditional interpretation of wave-particle duality.
Traditional quantum mechanics uses wave-particle duality to explain single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference phenomena, claiming that photons exhibit both particle and wave properties and can form light and dark patterns through self-interference. This theory violates objective physical logic. This paper proposes a new theory: photons always maintain uniform linear motion, accompanied by 360° omnidirectional, random, and uncontrollable microscopic tremor. The patterns in single-slit and double-slit experiments are macroscopic phenomena formed by collision, reflection, and angular deflection of photons with slit walls due to their tremor, followed by geometric amplification and statistical superposition of a large number of photon trajectories, having no connection with light wave interference or diffraction. This paper designs a carbon nanotube light-absorbing/non-absorbing control experiment and a receiving plate distance variable auxiliary experiment. Both experiments can quantitatively verify the theory, forming a complete logical closed loop and completely overthrowing the traditional interpretation of wave-particle duality.
Traditional quantum mechanics explains single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference using wave–particle duality, claiming that photons exhibit both particle and wave properties and can produce self-interference to form light–dark patterns. This paper proposes a new theory: photons always move in uniform linear motion, accompanied by 360° omnidirectional, random, uncontrollable microscopic tremor during propagation. The patterns observed in single-slit and double-slit experiments are macroscopic phenomena formed by collision, reflection, and angular deflection of photons with slit walls due to their inherent tremor, followed by geometric amplification and statistical superposition of numerous photon trajectories. No patterns appear without a baffle because photons do not collide with any wall; no patterns appear with an overly wide slit because photons still pass through without touching the walls. Patterns emerge only when the slit is narrow enough to cause photon–wall collisions. When photons collide with atoms on the slit walls, electrons undergo energy level transitions and emit secondary light; superposition of secondary light from different directions forms alternating bright and dark fringes. This paper designs a carbon nanotube light-absorbing/non-absorbing control experiment and a receiver backplate distance variation auxiliary experiment, both of which provide quantitative and measurable evidence for the theory and form a complete logical closed loop, indicating that the wave–particle duality interpretation is untenable.
Traditional quantum mechanics explains single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference based on wave-particle duality, claiming that photons possess both particle and wave properties and can self-interfere to form alternating light and dark fringes. This paper puts forward a new theory: photons travel in straight lines. Upon generation, each photon has a fixed transverse vibration direction that maintains a constant angle relative to its propagation axis. A single photon never undergoes random 360° omnidirectional vibration. The omnidirectional vibration observed in natural light is a macroscopic effect formed by the superposition of massive photons each carrying their own unique fixed vibration angles. The fringes observed in single-slit and double-slit experiments are macroscopic patterns formed by geometric amplification and statistical superposition of numerous photon trajectories. These trajectories are deflected and scattered when photons collide with slit walls due to their fixed-angle vibration. No fringes appear without baffles, nor when slits are excessively wide to avoid photon-wall collisions; fringes only emerge when slits are narrow enough to allow photons to collide with wall surfaces. When photons collide with atoms on slit walls, electrons absorb photon energy to jump to higher energy levels and release secondary light during energy-level transitions back to lower states. Superposition of secondary light rays traveling in different directions generates light and dark fringes. This paper retains the carbon nanotube light absorption/non-absorption control experiment and the receiving screen distance variation verification experiment, and adds three new groups of comparative experiments: front polarizer control experiment, gradient wall thickness slit control experiment, and multi-stage polarizer experiment for measuring photon vibration range. Multiple experiments form a complete logical closed loop. At present, there are no publicly available precise quantitative values for the amplitude of photon transverse vibration, and only the approximate variation range can be measured through optical path devices. Multiple experimental observations indicate that interpretations relying on wave-particle duality are untenable.
Diffraction and interference fringes are stable and reproducible objective phenomena in optical experiments. Mainstream quantum mechanics puts forward the ontological interpretation of wave particle duality. It holds that the material ontology of micro particles such as photons inherently possesses both particle and wave properties, and attributes diffraction and interference phenomena directly to the intrinsic matter wave behavior of particles. This interpretation stays at the level of observational appearance and avoids underlying ontological dynamic mechanisms. It represents a research approach that deduces the intrinsic properties of material ontology merely from external observations. Within the framework of the light ontology theory, a photon is an energy state object. Energy and motion at the speed of light form an inseparable whole and are permanently bound together and cannot be separated. In the real universe, no photon with energy that does not travel at the speed of light has ever been observed. Nor has any object moving at the speed of light without energy been detected. The two cannot exist independently from one another. A photon has no physical volume but possesses inherent fixed transverse trembling property. At the moment a photon is generated, it acquires a definite trembling angle within a 360 degree spatial plane perpendicular to its propagation direction. This transverse trembling orientation remains unchanged without physical collision interaction. When the transverse trembling of a photon can reach the slit wall, absorption and reradiation secondary scattering will occur. Massive secondary photons superpose statistically to form bright and dark diffraction and interference fringes. Slit walls are stacked by large numbers of atoms. Their spatial scale is hundreds of thousands to tens of millions times larger than the scale of photon transverse trembling. For photons, slit walls constitute huge physical barriers and can produce significant interactions with trembling photons. The wave function is only a mathematical tool for fitting experimental data. Good fitting performance of a mathematical model does not mean its corresponding physical interpretation equals objective physical reality. This paper proposes a new set of comparative decisionmaking experiments. The key innovation is to place a linear polarizer in front of the slit. Before photons contact the slit, the transverse trembling orientation of photons is pre screened. The transverse trembling direction of transmitted photons is made parallel to the orientation of vertical slit walls to suppress oscillation components perpendicular to slit walls and make it difficult for photons to hit slit walls. Polarizers with different grating line widths can be replaced to observe the influence of the grating scale of polarizers on experimental results. According to the physical mechanism of slit wall scattering, characteristic diffraction and interference fringes will be greatly attenuated and only the central direct light spot will remain. Non ideal device characteristics will bring a small amount of stray scattering background, but complete bright and dark diffraction and interference structures will not appear. According to the traditional ontological interpretation of wave particle duality, the geometric parameters of slits remain completely unchanged. Only polarization orientation screening is conducted and the intrinsic matter wave of particle ontology is not affected. Therefore diffraction and interference fringes should be fully preserved. The two theories produce mutually exclusive observable predictions. This experiment can test whether the ontological interpretation of wave particle duality holds true. This paper does not deny objective diffraction and interference phenomena, nor does it deny the practical value of wave function as an engineering calculation tool.
The traditional theory of waveparticle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wavelike behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of individual particles, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical pictures. Based on the experimental facts of modern singleparticle emission and fundamental physical logic, combined with the real physical effects of doubleslit structures, this paper proposes a new interpretation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wavelike property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibrations of particles themselves; the significant range of doubleslit interference fringes results from the combined action of particle inherent vibration and slitwall collision scattering. Changing the slit walls to fully absorbing materials can eliminate scattering interference and verify the above mechanism. This paper reconstructs the essential nature of waveparticle phenomena with concise and selfconsistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.
Since the establishment of modern optics, the physical nature of light has been debated for centuries, which finally led to the mainstream theory of waveparticle duality. This theory holds that photons intrinsically possess both particle and wave properties, and it is adopted to interpret diverse optical phenomena including rectilinear propagation, polarization, interference and diffraction, forming the fundamental framework of modern quantum optics. Nevertheless, the theory of waveparticle duality contains inherent logical defects. Its essential flaw lies in confusing two completely distinct physical concepts: the intrinsic properties of a substance itself and the morphological features of its motion trajectory. Conventional theories mistake the apparent waveshaped trajectory produced by particle motion for the intrinsic wave property of microparticles, resulting in persistent conceptual ambiguity, missing physical mechanisms and logical inconsistencies within microoptics. This paper constructs an optical underlying model from a purely particle perspective to clarify the real mechanism behind waveparticle phenomena of light. A photon is an indivisible, nonspreading, nontrailing pointlike physical particle with no intrinsic wave property. While propagating, a photon travels along a fixed straightline direction and undergoes inherent transverse oscillation within the plane perpendicular to its propagation direction. At the moment of its generation, a photon uniquely fixes its transverse oscillation angle, amplitude and frequency within the 360degree plane perpendicular to its travelling direction. Once determined, these parameters remain constant throughout propagation without random shifts or arbitrary changes. Superposition of the photon’s longitudinal rectilinear motion and fixedangle transverse oscillation generates a standard sinusoidal trajectory. Consequently, all wavelike features observed in optics are geometric apparent effects originating from particle motion trajectories, rather than material properties intrinsic to photons. Based on this model, this paper reinterprets the core physical mechanism behind doubleslit interference. Contrary to the traditional explanation of photon selfinterference or wavefield superposition, interference fringes arise from microscopic mechanical interactions between transverselyoscillating photons and slit walls when photons pass through the slits. Such interactions regularly deflect photon flight angles. After being deflected and filtered by slits, large numbers of photons form uneven statistical distributions on the receiving plane and produce macroscopically observable lightanddark fringes. This paper also defines the threshold for photonphoton interactions. Ordinaryenergy photons such as visiblelight, infrared and ultraviolet photons do not interact, collide or exchange energy with one another in free space. Only gammaraylevel highenergy photons may collide, undergo energy annihilation, and convert into material particles such as electronpositron pairs. Relying entirely on classical mechanical superposition principles and discarding the contradictory hypothesis of waveparticle duality, the proposed purelyparticle model provides selfconsistent explanations for core classical optical phenomena and achieves analytical revision for the underlying logic of optical waveparticle phenomena.
The traditional theory of wave-particle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wave behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of a single particle, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical picture. Based on modern single-particle emission experiments and basic physical logic, this paper proposes a new explanation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wave property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibration of particles themselves, which is an external manifestation of particle motion rather than an intrinsic attribute. The strength of a particle’s wave property is closely related to its mass: the smaller the mass, the more significant the vibration and the stronger the wave property; the larger the mass, the weaker the vibration and the less obvious the wave property. Wave-like phenomena such as double-slit interference are the statistical distribution results of landing positions caused by the inherent vibration of numerous particles. This paper reconstructs the physical essence of wave-particle phenomena with concise and self-consistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.