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International Conference on Next-Gen Quantum and Advanced Computing: Algorithms, Security, and Beyond (NQComp)

Quantum Ising Model and Game Dynamics

Teena Thomas, S. Balakrishnan

Published Mar 5, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Game theory studies how individuals make strategic choices, and many classical games can be related to the interactions described by the Ising model. Quantum game theory extends this idea by introducing quantum strategies through superposition and entanglement. For describing the quantum interactions, the Ising model offers a convenient theoretical setting. This work examines how the transverse field quantum Ising model can describe a quantum population.

DOI
10.1109/nqcomp68334.2026.11497693

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Game theory studies how individuals make strategic choices, and many classical games can be related to the interactions described by the Ising model. Quantum game theory extends this idea by introducing quantum strategies through superposition and entanglement. For describing the quantum interactions, the Ising model offers a convenient theoretical setting. This work examines how the transverse field quantum Ising model can describe a quantum population.
Game theory studies strategic decision-making among rational agents, and many classical games can be mapped onto interaction models such as the Ising model. Quantum game theory extends this framework by allowing players to exploit quantum superposition and entanglement. In this work, we study quantum games using an operator-based formulation derived from the transverse-field quantum Ising model. We show that the Hamiltonian-driven dynamics naturally generate entangling operator which resolve the dilemma in the game settings. This leads to a clear quantum advantage over classical outcomes. Unlike standard quantization schemes based on fixed entangling gates, the present approach enables tunable entanglement, controlled directly by physical Hamiltonian parameters, providing a hardware-relevant perspective on quantum game design.
Quantum game theory (QGT) extends traditional game theory by using quantum mechanics to create new models for strategic decision-making. Traditional game theory provides effective tools for analyzing rational human interaction; yet it suffers from three main restrictions because it cannot properly handle uncertain situations, contradictory behavior, and complex relationships among agents. QGT addresses these challenges through its implementation of quantum phenomena, which enable strategic options that go beyond traditional mixed strategies. The extended system introduces fresh equilibrium solutions that allow easier resolution of standard problems. The chapter presents an organized structure to display QGT, which shows its value for strategic decision-making systems. The chapter shows fundamental concepts that link classical theories with quantum theories through its demonstration of how quantum strategies have developed from their original state to their present form, which expands traditional game models. The research investigates optimization methods, cybersecurity measures, economic systems, and artificial intelligence applications. The study identifies implementation obstacles and future research needs. The advanced QGT decision-making systems provide outstanding solutions that allow intelligent systems to interact with their environments and solve complex environmental problems.
Game theory is a well established field with applications in many areas including the social sciences, biology, and computer science [6]. Recently, however, researchers in quantum computation have begun to study the implications of games set in the quantum domain (i.e. game theoretical situations where either one or more players have quantum computational power or where the implementation of strategies uses some form of quantum information). Such a setting allows for entanglement and superpositions of strategies and evaluation of payoffs using quantum measurement. This approach to game theory, according to some scholars in the field, could help us understand certain physical systems, improve economic markets, and develop quantum algorithms. I have conducted an investigation into quantum game theory. I have constructed simulation tools using Maple that, along with research into related work, have helped gain some insight into this new field. The important solutions in classical game theory are usually Nash equilibria. What do they look like in the quantum realm? In what
Game theory has been studied extensively in recent centuries as a set of formal mathematical strategies for optimal decision making. This discipline improved its efficiency with the arrival, in the 20th century, of digital computer science. However, the computational limitations related to exponential time type problems in digital processors, triggered the search for more efficient alternatives. One of these choices is quantum computing. Certainly, quantum processors seem to be able to solve some of these complex problems, at least in theory. For this reason, in recent times, many research works have emerged related to the field of quantum game theory. In this paper we review the main studies about the subject, including operational requirements and implementation details. In addition, we describe various quantum games, their design strategy, and the used supporting tools. We also present the still open debate linked to the interpretation of the transformations of classical algorithms in fundamental game theory to their quantum version, with special attention to the Nash equilibrium.
Quantum game theory is a multidisciplinary field which combines quantum mechanics with game theory by introducing non-classical resources such as entanglement, quantum operations and quantum measurement. By transferring two-player two-strategy (2 × 2) dilemma containing classical games into the quantum realm, dilemmas can be resolved in quantum pure strategies if entanglement is distributed between the players who use quantum operations. Moreover, players receive the highest sum of payoffs available in the game, which are otherwise impossible in classical pure strategies. Encouraged by the observation of rich dynamics of physical systems with many interacting parties and the power of entanglement in quantum versions of 2 × 2 games, it became generally accepted that quantum versions can be easily extended to N -player situations by simply allowing N -partite entangled states. In this article, however, we show that this is not generally true because the reproducibility of classical tasks in the quantum domain imposes limitations on the type of entanglement and quantum operators. We propose a benchmark for the evaluation of quantum and classical versions of games, and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for a physical realization. We give examples of entangled states that can and cannot be used, and the characteristics of quantum operators used as strategies.