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Acta Physica Sinica

Rate optimization of key distribution based on asymmetric Y-00 protocol using probability shaping

LU Huihui, MA Yuxin, JIA Zhiwei, QIN Feifei, LI Pu, QIN Yuwen, WANG Yuncai

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

提出了一种结合概率整形技术的非对称Y-00协议密钥分发方案, 通过调整QAM信号各星座点出现的概率提高信号传输质量, 从而有效提升密钥分发速率. 同时, 还分析了不同概率整形因子对密钥分发速率和安全性的影响, 并引入保密增强技术对初始密钥进行压缩, 显著提升了密钥的安全强度. 实验结果表明: 在25 km的标准单模光纤上, 利用该方法可实现13.76 Mbit/s的密钥分发速率, 相较于原非对称Y-00协议密钥分发方案速率提升了3个数量级. 该方案为探索兼容于现行光通信系统的物理层高速安全密钥分发提供了一种解决思路.

DOI
10.7498/aps.75.20260045

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提出了一种结合概率整形技术的非对称Y-00协议密钥分发方案, 通过调整QAM信号各星座点出现的概率提高信号传输质量, 从而有效提升密钥分发速率. 同时, 还分析了不同概率整形因子对密钥分发速率和安全性的影响, 并引入保密增强技术对初始密钥进行压缩, 显著提升了密钥的安全强度. 实验结果表明: 在25 km的标准单模光纤上, 利用该方法可实现13.76 Mbit/s的密钥分发速率, 相较于原非对称Y-00协议密钥分发方案速率提升了3个数量级. 该方案为探索兼容于现行光通信系统的物理层高速安全密钥分发提供了一种解决思路.
密钥的安全分发是保障加密通信安全的核心前提．与依赖计算复杂度的密码算法不同，物理层密钥分发技术利用物理随机过程构建密钥，为安全通信提供了新途径．本文提出并实验证明了一种基于本地真随机相位键控的信道互易性密钥分发方案．该方案利用宽带光载波与非对称马赫-曾德尔干涉仪构建相位隐藏传输结构，由本地端的物理随机数发生器产生密钥并对宽带光载波进行相位键控；采用时延补偿技术确保双向传输的信道互易性，使通信双方获得高相关的干涉信号；再通过无源相位解调算法从干涉信号中提取随机相位键控码，实现密钥共享．实验结果表明，在25 km的标准单模光纤传输链路上，利用该方法可实现1 Gbit/s速率的安全密钥分发，误码率低至2.4‰，满足光通信中常用的硬判决前向纠错（HD-FEC）阈值要求．该方案无须预先共享熵源信息及可信第三方，在保障密钥分发安全性的同时，具有兼容现有光纤通信设施的应用潜力．
A probabilistic shaping probability distribution scramble (PSPDS) scheme based on chaotic systems is proposed to fulfill both secure transmission and adaptive key updating. The chaotic Chen and logistic systems are adopted to generate a chaotic random sequence. The probabilistic shaping is achieved by constant composition distribution matching (CCDM) and probabilistic amplitude shaping architecture. The chaotic, random sequences are used to scramble the probability distribution of CCDM, improving security. The session key is embedded into a probability distribution. The legal receiver extracts the error-free session key when OSNR is higher than the requirement of the forward error correction threshold. We employ a coherent OFDM 16QAM transmission experiment on 120 km fiber, confirming our proposed scheme with a net rate of 9.95 Gbit/s. The results show that the PSPDS scheme has no encryption penalty compared with the baseline without encryption. The key updating rate has the ability to vary adaptively and reaches 224.2 Mbit/s by adjusting the block length of CCDM in our experiment. The key space reaches 10 136 . Even if an illegal party obtains a ciphertext signal, the plaintext and session key can hardly be inferred due to a probability distribution scramble.
Abstract Twin-Field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) is a major candidate to be the new benchmark for far-distance QKD implementations, since its secret key rate can overcome the repeaterless bound by means of a simple interferometric measurement. Many variants of the original protocol have been recently proven to be secure. Here, we focus on the TF-QKD type protocol proposed by Curty et al (2019 NPJ Quantum Inf. 5 64), which can provide a high secret key rate and whose practical feasibility has been demonstrated in various recent experiments. The security of this protocol relies on the estimation of certain detection probabilities (yields) through the decoy-state technique. Analytical bounds on the relevant yields have been recently derived assuming that both parties use the same set of decoy intensities, thus providing sub-optimal key rates in asymmetric-loss scenarios. Here we derive new analytical bounds when the parties use either two, three or four independent decoy intensity settings each. With the new bounds we optimize the protocol’s performance in asymmetric-loss scenarios and show that the protocol is robust against uncorrelated intensity fluctuations affecting the parties’ lasers.
The mode pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) protocol has attracted considerable attention for its capability to ensure high secure key rates over long distances without requiring global phase locking. However, ensuring symmetric channels for the MP-QKD protocol is challenging in practical quantum communication networks. Previous studies on the asymmetric MP-QKD protocol have relied on ideal decoy state assumptions and infinite-key analysis, which are unattainable for real-world deployment. In this paper, we conduct a security analysis of the asymmetric MP-QKD protocol with the finite-key analysis, where we discard the previously impractical assumptions made in the decoy state method. Combined with statistical fluctuation analysis, we globally optimized the 10 independent parameters in the asymmetric MP-QKD protocol by employing our modified particle swarm optimization. Through further analysis, the simulation results demonstrate that our work achieves improved secure key rates and transmission distances compared to the strategy with additional attenuation. We further investigate the relationship between the intensities and probabilities of signal, decoy, and vacuum states with transmission distance, facilitating their more efficient deployment in future quantum networks.