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The Journal of Supercomputing

Towards quantum-resistant and anonymous authenticated key establishment in multi-specialty IoT healthcare environments

Sunil Kumar, Gaurav Mittal, Arvind Yadav

Published Apr 20, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11227-026-08510-9

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Abstract In internet of things (IOT) healthcare systems, sensitive patient information is transmitted over the network to medical professionals. Numerous lightweight authentication protocols have been proposed; however, most of them remain vulnerable to various cyberattacks, allowing attackers to eavesdrop on or manipulate transmitted data. We examine several recently proposed lightweight authentication schemes for healthcare systems. Our security analysis demonstrates that these schemes remain vulnerable to malicious gateway attacks, desynchronization attacks, and key screw attacks. .To address these issues and ensure post- quantum security in healthcare IoT, we propose a post-quantum key establishment protocol based on lattice- based cryptography (LWE). the proposed scheme prevents the gateway from accessing both the secret keys and their parameters, thereby eliminating the possibility of malicious gateway attacks. The proposed protocol ensures user anonymity, forward secrecy, and resistance to impersonation, key screw, and desynchronization attacks.. The proposed protocol ensures secure and efficient establishment of three-round key establishment among entities . Our performance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme achieves lower computation and communication overhead compared to recent related works. The security of the protocol is thoroughly analyzed through informal reasoning, Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, and ProVerif, confirming its robustness and suitability for resource-constrained IoT-based healthcare environments.
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained immense popularity in various aspects of work, learning, and daily life. Within the IoT realm, there is a growing concern regarding communication security issues between users and servers. However, addressing the communication security between servers is equally imperative, which has not received as much attention. To this end, we propose a certificateless anonymous authenticated key agreement (AKA) algorithm based on learning with errors (LWEs) and inhomogeneous small integer solution (ISIS) security assumptions. Our scheme provides strong resistance to quantum attacks and protects the privacy of communication servers. It also has constant communication costs and lower computational requirements than existing lattice-based anonymous AKA algorithms on the broadcast channel. Additionally, the proposed scheme eliminates the resource consumption of managing complex certificates and addresses the security risks associated with key escrow in the key generation center (KGC). Through security and performance analysis, we demonstrate that our approach can enhance the security of IoT-based healthcare systems while significantly improving communication efficiency. Our proposed scheme provides a promising solution to security issues related to server communication in IoT systems.
The booming technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT) enable various applications and develop well. E-healthcare system is one of the successful examples, where people manage their healthcare information, diagnosis data, physical examination results, and so on. These types of sensitive information cause crucial security risks, posing threats to the security of the lives and property of the people. Given this concern, safeguard measures, such as authentication and encryption, are necessary. However, due to the openness of the wireless networks, authentication protocols for IoT-enabled e-healthcare systems are usually vulnerable to serious attacks. Furthermore, the quantum era is around the corner, urging authentication protocols to possess post-quantum security properties. In this paper, we propose a multi-factor password authentication scheme, named PAMA, with post-quantum security for the e-healthcare system. The lattice cryptography is adopted for post-quantum security. We formally prove the proposed PAMA scheme to be secure, and also informally verify the security against common attacks. Furthermore, we compare the performance of the communication efficiency of the PAMA scheme with other related works from both theoretical and experimental aspects. The efficiency comparison results demonstrate that our PAMA scheme approximately reduces the computation cost by 37.59% and the energy consumption by 37.5%, compared to the related post-quantum schemes. In summary, the PAMA scheme has a great advantage in secure authentication and agreement on a session key in the e-healthcare system.