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IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering

Quantum Full-Duplex Anonymous Communication in Adversarial Quantum Networks

Awais Khan, Syed Muhammad Abuzar Rizvi, Trung Q. Duong, Een‐Kee Hong, Hyundong Shin

Published Jan 1, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Full-duplex communication is a transformative technology in next-generation networks, enabling simultaneous transmission and reception for both high efficiency and low latency. In this paper, we integratefull duplexitywith QAC, developing a quantum dimension of full-duplex anonymity to address the stringent demands for communication efficiency, security, and privacy in emerging networks. Specifically, we design two full-duplex (FD-QAC) protocols for the bidirectional, secure, and anonymous exchange of classical information with the help of a server. The first FD-QAC protocol, tailored for ring-type quantum networks, ensures that even an adversary with full network access cannot determine communicating identities—achievingperfect untraceability. The second FD-QAC protocol, designed for star-type quantum networks, improves scalability, security, and resilience against dishonest participant attacks. We provide the anonymity analysis demonstrating the robustness of these QAC protocols against external adversaries and malicious participants in adversarial quantum networks. Furthermore, we evaluate the error performance of the protocols in noisy quantum networks, illustrating that this quantum full-duplex anonymity is both reliable and scalable.

DOI
10.1109/tnse.2026.3685680

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Full-duplex communication is a transformative technology in next-generation networks, enabling simultaneous transmission and reception for both high efficiency and low latency. In this paper, we integratefull duplexitywith QAC, developing a quantum dimension of full-duplex anonymity to address the stringent demands for communication efficiency, security, and privacy in emerging networks. Specifically, we design two full-duplex (FD-QAC) protocols for the bidirectional, secure, and anonymous exchange of classical information with the help of a server. The first FD-QAC protocol, tailored for ring-type quantum networks, ensures that even an adversary with full network access cannot determine communicating identities—achievingperfect untraceability. The second FD-QAC protocol, designed for star-type quantum networks, improves scalability, security, and resilience against dishonest participant attacks. We provide the anonymity analysis demonstrating the robustness of these QAC protocols against external adversaries and malicious participants in adversarial quantum networks. Furthermore, we evaluate the error performance of the protocols in noisy quantum networks, illustrating that this quantum full-duplex anonymity is both reliable and scalable.
Preserving privacy in communication and networking is of paramount importance in the Internet-of-Everything age of escalating surveillance and data collection. Anonymous communication is a cornerstone of this endeavor, enabling individuals to interact and exchange private information without disclosing their identities. However, achieving absolute security and privacy in classical anonymous networks (CANs) is highly challenging, and in particular, the advent of quantum computing poses critical threats to securing classical communication. In this article, we explore the evolution of CANs and delve into the distinctive shift from classical to quantum anonymous networks (QANs), emphasizing a substantial leap in privacy protected by quantum anonymous communication (QAC). The fundamental motivations behind this transition are rooted in the remarkable privacy attributes—e.g., completeanonymityanduntraceability— of QAC protocols, as well as the unconditional security ensured by the principles of quantum mechanics. To make these concepts more tangible in practical settings and provide a benchmark to design the QAC protocols in QANs, we usher in exemplary protocols: quantum anonymous teleportation, voting, and information retrieval. In these case studies, we assess the fidelity and error rates of the QAC protocols in noisy environments, aiming to evaluate their robustness in practical quantum entangled settings. Moreover, we discuss the primary challenges and future research directions integral to the transition towards QANs.
In the shift toward the quantum computing era, the foundational principles of classical cybersecurity, particularly in the realm of cryptographic algorithms, are facing unprecedented challenges. This demands comprehensive reevaluation and redesign of cryptographic infrastructures to withstand quantum adversarial attacks. With the emergence of the quantum Internet, a new approach to secure communication is possible, utilizing quantum properties that have no counterpart in classical systems. As the quantum Internet facilitates the exchange of quantum information, data publication protocols become essential in anonymizing and protecting privacy-sensitive data in quantum communication networks. This paper proposes two controlled quantum anonymous communication (QAC) protocols for publishing classical and quantum information on an Internet server (IS) with the assistance of a communication service provider. The first protocol allows for the controlled publication of classical information without revealing the publisher’s identity such that an adversary, even with access to all network resources, cannot trace the publication source—i.e., achieving perfect untraceability. The second protocol enables anonymous publication of quantum information on an IS in a controlled and untraceable manner. These protocols serve as essential building blocks for advancing the quantum Internet, which has the potential to transform communication and information exchange methods. We provide a detailed anonymity analysis of these QAC protocols for data publication, ensuring that the published symbol or qudit information remains untraceable to its publisher. Moreover, the performance analysis in terms of publication error probability, fidelity, and degree of anonymity in noisy environments demonstrates the robustness of the protocols against noise and adversarial attacks.
Due to optical fiber limitations for quantum communication, global-scale quantum networks are possible only by integrating non-terrestrial components in the overall network architecture. Quantum networks are expected to support distributed tasks for quantum information processing, such as quantum sensing, control, communication, and computing. These networks enable emerging applications that are uniquely quantum or augmented by quantum mechanics. Leveraging quantum resources, anonymous networking can be enhanced to such an extent that even an adversary with control over all network resources cannot trace the message source, achieving perfect untraceability . To provide this untraceable global connectivity, we demonstrate the integration of non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) and terrestrial networks (TNs) for quantum anonymous communication (QAC), highlighting possible architectures and key challenges in these integrated NTN-TN quantum anonymous networks (QANs). To illustrate and benchmark the design of QAC protocols within integrated networks, we present essential quantum protocols such as anonymous conference key agreement (CKA) and anonymous broadcast. In the first case study, we propose a satellite-to-ground quantum anonymous CKA (QA-CKA) protocol and assess the anonymous key exchange rate. This QA-CKA protocol utilizes low Earth orbit satellites to generate anonymous keys among two distinct TN nodes. In the second case study, we develop an air-to-ground quantum anonymous broadcast (QAB) protocol and examine the anonymous broadcast announcement rate. This QAB protocol exploits unmanned aerial vehicles to enable a broadcasting party to transmit classical information anonymously across two distinct TNs. These QAC protocols are simulated with realistic integrated network parameters to provide practical estimates of achievable performance. Furthermore, we discuss future research directions for enabling integrated NTN-TN QANs.
Integrating the full-duplex capability with quantum communication potentially equips emerging wireless networks with a quantum layer of security for the stringent communication efficiency and security requirements. This paper proposes two new full-duplex quantum communication protocols to exchange classical or quantum information between two remote parties simultaneously without transferring a physical particle over the quantum channel. The first protocol, called quantum duplex coding, enables the exchange of a classical bit using a preshared maximally entangled pair of qubits by means of counterfactual disentanglement. The second protocol, called quantum telexchanging, enables the exchange of an arbitrary unknown qubit without using preshared entanglement by means of counterfactual entanglement and disentanglement. We demonstrate that quantum duplex coding and quantum telexchanging can be achieved by exploiting counterfactual electron-photon interaction gates. It is shown that these tasks can be viewed as full-duplex transmission of bits and qubits via binary erasure channels and quantum erasure channels, respectively.
Abstract Quantum mechanics offers new opportunities for diverse information processing tasks in communication and computational networks. In the last two decades, the notion of quantum anonymity has been introduced in several networking tasks that provide an unconditional secrecy of identity for the communicating parties. In this article, we propose a quantum anonymous collision detection (QACD) protocol which detects not only the collision but also guarantees the anonymity in the case of multiple senders. We show that the QACD protocol serves as an important primitive for a quantum anonymous network that features tracelessness and resource efficiency. Furthermore, the security analysis shows that this protocol is robust against the adversary and malicious participants.
Anonymity is a fundamental cryptographic primitive that hides the identities of both senders and receivers during message transmission over a network. Classical protocols cannot provide information-theoretic security for such task, and existing quantum approaches typically depend on classical subroutines and multiple private channels, thereby weakening their security in fully adversarial settings. In this work, we introduce the first fully quantum protocol for anonymous communication in realistic quantum networks with a device-independent security proof.