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Physical Review Applied

Semi-device-independent quantum random-number generator resistant to general attacks

Zhenguo Lu, Jundong Wu, Yu Zhang, shaobo ren, Xuyang Wang, Hongyi Zhou, Yongmin Li

Published Apr 17, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1103/gxt7-7zfq

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Quantum random-number generation (QRNG) is one of the most widely applied branches in quantum cryptography. Among all QRNG schemes, semi-device-independent (semi-DI) QRNG is quite promising, achieving high randomness generation rates with few assumptions on the devices. For the central task of a QRNG study---security analysis---numerical approaches become popular for its generality to various semi-DI QRNG schemes. Here we formulate a numerical framework for the finite-size security of general semi-DI QRNGs, which gives a secure lower bound of the finite-size randomness generation rate against general attacks. We consider a simple example of an optical semi-DI QRNG as an application of our framework.
Abstract Our ability to trust that a random number is truly random is essential for fields as diverse as cryptography and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. Existing solutions both come with drawbacks—device-independent quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are highly impractical and standard semi-device-independent QRNGs are limited to a specific physical implementation and level of trust. Here we propose a framework for semi-device-independent randomness certification, using a source of trusted vacuum in the form of a signal shutter. It employs a flexible set of assumptions and levels of trust, allowing it to be applied in a wide range of physical scenarios involving both quantum and classical entropy sources. We experimentally demonstrate our protocol with a photonic setup and generate secure random bits under three different assumptions with varying degrees of security and resulting data rates.