Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Electronics and Green Energy (ICETEG)

Quantum-Secure Blockchain Authentication Protocol for 6G Devices

Arun Agrawal, Akankshya Jena, Pratyusha Mohanty

Published Oct 10, 2025• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

As 6G networks are about to serve billions of devices, secure and reliable authentication is a key challenge. Conventional authentication solutions are under attack from both centralized and future quantum computing threats. This paper introduces a new authentication protocol that incorporates randomness generated by quantum mechanics and blockchain technology to achieve a lightweight, decentralized, and post-quantum secure solution for 6G scenarios. Each device creates a truly random key from a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG), and this key is then securely stored on a blockchain in hashed form. When the device tries to join the network, its key is checked against the blockchain ledger to provide for one-time, tamper- evident authentication without the need for centralized servers. The protocol is designed to support smart contracts for expiry and revocation of keys, rendering it appropriate for dense and highly dynamic 6G networks. Our system provides increased security, immunity against future quantum attacks, and efficient scaling for IoT, healthcare, and autonomous communication systems.

DOI
10.1109/iceteg66194.2025.11473057

Related papers

Design and Implement a Quantum Blockchain Framework to Secure 6G Communication for Consumer Applications

Ahmed Farouk, Bikash K. Behera, Emad A. Ahmed

The integration of blockchain with 6G networks offers secure, decentralized solutions for emerging consumer applications by addressing key challenges such as device reliability, interoperability, and security. Classical blockchains rely on cryptographic primitives for data integrity and trust, but these are vulnerable to quantum attacks and face scalability challenges in ultra-dense environments. To address these issues, we propose a quantum blockchain framework based on temporally entangled GHZ states, enabling inherent quantum encoding of block linkage and integrity. A four-qubit blockchain data structure is designed and implemented using IBM Q quantum processors, with a quantum hash circuit developed to link consecutive blocks securely. The system’s resilience is validated against two representative quantum attacks, CNOT and Ping Pong, demonstrating its ability to maintain tamper resistance in noisy environments. The experimental results achieved a fidelity of 65.79% and offered greater structural security than classical hash-based chains under similar conditions. This enables secure, scalable, and quantum-resilient blockchain integration for 6G consumer applications such as telemedicine, IoT device authentication, decentralized finance, and immersive edge services.

IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics•Jun 17, 2025•4 citations

Designing Quantum-Resilient Blockchain Frameworks: Enhancing Transactional Security with Quantum Algorithms in Decentralized Ledgers

Meenal R Kale, Yousef A. Baker El–Ebiary, L. Sathiya +4 more

Quantum computing is progressing at a fast rate and there is a real threat that classical cryptographic methods can be compromised and therefore impact the security of blockchain networks. All of the ways used to secure blockchain like Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit (SHA256) are the characteristic of the traditional cryptographic techniques vulnerable to attack by quantum algorithms: Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms: can efficiently break asymmetric encryption and speed up brute force attacks. Because of this vulnerability, there exists a need to develop an advance quantum resilient blockchain framework to protect the decentralized ledgers from the future threats of the quantum. This research proposes Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) as a formidable architectural integration, to fortify security of blockchain. Classical encryption is replaced with PQC, QKD with secure key exchange by detecting eavesdropping, and QRNG with improving cryptographic randomness to remove the predictable key vulnerability. Only with a small loss of transaction efficiency, we increase transaction encryption accuracy, key exchange security, and resistance to quantum attacks. In this quantum enhanced blockchain design, the idea is to preserve the decentralization, transparency and security and at the same time overcome the future quantum threat. By going through rigorous analysis and comparative evaluation, we demonstrate that the approach saves blockchain networks from the emerging quantum risks to make sure that the decentralized finance, smart contracts and cross chain transactions.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications•Jan 1, 2025•3 citations

Resolving Cyber Security Issues in 6G Networks Using Blockchain Technology and Quantum Computing

Arun Agarwal, Akankshya Jena, Pratyusha Mohanty

The sixth-generation wireless communication$(6 \mathrm{G})$promises advancements in speed, latency, and connectivity to facilitate revolutionary technology like holographic communication, extensive AI, and Internet of Everything (IoE). Such breakthroughs come with sophisticated cyber security issues like ultra-dynamic attack surfaces, decentralized device systems, and quantum-vulnerable encryption protocols. To counter these challenges, this paper investigates the application of blockchain technology and quantum computing as solutions for 6G cyber security improvement. Blockchain provides a tamper-proofed, decentralized system that guarantees data integrity, secure authentication, and transparent access control among heterogeneous devices. However, quantum computing also provides solutions such as post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum key distribution (QKD) that can enhance communication resilience against quantum and conventional assaults.

OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT)•Dec 18, 2025•0 citations

Quantum-Resistant Blockchain Authentication Protocol: Securing Decentralized Systems Against Post-Quantum Attacks

Dhruv Dhayal, Preeti Preeti, Pankaj Kumar Varshney +1 more

The fast growth of quantum computing makes the old modes of cryptography, be it RSA or ECC, weak to quantum attacks, especially when it employs Shor's algorithm. Threatening also builds up on the post-quantum age regarding blockchain technology and its external cryptography, which secures reliable transactions and authentication. This study will address the importance of quantum resistant blockchain authentication protocols for the security of decentralized systems against any forward-looking quantum-enabled attacks. This paper goes through different classifications of post-quantum cryptography like lattice-based, hash-based, multivariate polynomial, and code-based cryptography, taking an effort to analyze their compatibility with blockchain use cases.[8] Moreover, we also introduce the innovative quantum-resistant authentication model designed to enhance security while not compromising upon efficiency.[2] [3] Our proposed model would ensure scalability and less computational overhead by partially providing immunity to quantum adversaries through its underlying use of post-quantum signature schemes and lightweight key exchange mechanisms. This research aims at laying the foundation for developing a secure blockchain ecosystem against quantum threats, heading toward a resistant future-proof decentralized infrastructure. [4] [5]

International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research and Innovations in Engineering (MRIE)•Jul 30, 2025•2 citations

Quantum-Secure IoT Networks for the 6G Era: Post-Quantum Cryptography, Blockchain Integration, and Trust Architectures - A Comprehensive Review

Karthik Kumar Vaigandla

The rapid convergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers enormous potential for ultra-reliable, low-latency, and massive device connectivity. However, this integration also raises security and privacy concerns, particularly in light of new threats from quantum computing that could undermine traditional cryptography. The architecture of quantum-safe IoT networks that can withstand post-quantum security threats is thoroughly discussed in this review. It addresses the challenges related to how to use blockchain technology to provide decentralized trust as well as secure transactions, how to use post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to protect data confidentiality, and the best way to use a trust management architecture to improve identity verification, authorization, and authentication in the diverse IoT environment. The paper then examines scalability considerations, resource constraints, and interoperability problems that impact safe IoT deployments in the 6G era. This work serves as a roadmap for researchers and practitioners who aim to create robust and future IoT infrastructure and then maintain their security in a post-quantum world by integrating recent research patterns, solution development, and considerations related to real-world implementation.

Journal of Sensors, IoT & Health Sciences (JSIHS).•Sep 30, 2025•4 citations

Quantum Resilient Cryptography for Secure Ultra Dense 6G Terahertz Networks

Stalin Aghalya

The advent of 6G terahertz (THz) communication networks offers unparalleled data rates and ultra-dense device connectivity but introduces tremendous vulnerabilities to quantum computing attacks. Conventional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and ECC are becoming increasingly vulnerable to quantum attacks and are thus a serious threat to network integrity and data confidentiality. The research here addresses the challenge of protecting 6G-THz networks from quantum adversaries by designing a quantum-resilient cryptographic protocol for ultra-dense network scenarios. The main objective is to offer resilient, scalable, and low-latency encryption and authentication to enable high-throughput THz communications. The system leverages lattice-based post-quantum cryptography combined with a light-weight key distribution protocol and hierarchical identity management to support massive device connectivity. The novelty lies in the adaptive blending of post-quantum primitives optimized to the bandwidth and latency limitations inherent in THz systems, combined with context-aware key negotiation to remove quantum threats in real time. The protocol significantly enhances future network resilience in quantum-enabled adversarial networks.

International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC)•Sep 24, 2025•0 citations
As 6G networks are about to serve billions of devices, secure and reliable authentication is a key challenge. Conventional authentication solutions are under attack from both centralized and future quantum computing threats. This paper introduces a new authentication protocol that incorporates randomness generated by quantum mechanics and blockchain technology to achieve a lightweight, decentralized, and post-quantum secure solution for 6G scenarios. Each device creates a truly random key from a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG), and this key is then securely stored on a blockchain in hashed form. When the device tries to join the network, its key is checked against the blockchain ledger to provide for one-time, tamper- evident authentication without the need for centralized servers. The protocol is designed to support smart contracts for expiry and revocation of keys, rendering it appropriate for dense and highly dynamic 6G networks. Our system provides increased security, immunity against future quantum attacks, and efficient scaling for IoT, healthcare, and autonomous communication systems.
The integration of blockchain with 6G networks offers secure, decentralized solutions for emerging consumer applications by addressing key challenges such as device reliability, interoperability, and security. Classical blockchains rely on cryptographic primitives for data integrity and trust, but these are vulnerable to quantum attacks and face scalability challenges in ultra-dense environments. To address these issues, we propose a quantum blockchain framework based on temporally entangled GHZ states, enabling inherent quantum encoding of block linkage and integrity. A four-qubit blockchain data structure is designed and implemented using IBM Q quantum processors, with a quantum hash circuit developed to link consecutive blocks securely. The system’s resilience is validated against two representative quantum attacks, CNOT and Ping Pong, demonstrating its ability to maintain tamper resistance in noisy environments. The experimental results achieved a fidelity of 65.79% and offered greater structural security than classical hash-based chains under similar conditions. This enables secure, scalable, and quantum-resilient blockchain integration for 6G consumer applications such as telemedicine, IoT device authentication, decentralized finance, and immersive edge services.
Quantum computing is progressing at a fast rate and there is a real threat that classical cryptographic methods can be compromised and therefore impact the security of blockchain networks. All of the ways used to secure blockchain like Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit (SHA256) are the characteristic of the traditional cryptographic techniques vulnerable to attack by quantum algorithms: Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms: can efficiently break asymmetric encryption and speed up brute force attacks. Because of this vulnerability, there exists a need to develop an advance quantum resilient blockchain framework to protect the decentralized ledgers from the future threats of the quantum. This research proposes Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) as a formidable architectural integration, to fortify security of blockchain. Classical encryption is replaced with PQC, QKD with secure key exchange by detecting eavesdropping, and QRNG with improving cryptographic randomness to remove the predictable key vulnerability. Only with a small loss of transaction efficiency, we increase transaction encryption accuracy, key exchange security, and resistance to quantum attacks. In this quantum enhanced blockchain design, the idea is to preserve the decentralization, transparency and security and at the same time overcome the future quantum threat. By going through rigorous analysis and comparative evaluation, we demonstrate that the approach saves blockchain networks from the emerging quantum risks to make sure that the decentralized finance, smart contracts and cross chain transactions.
The sixth-generation wireless communication(6G)(6 \mathrm{G})(6G)promises advancements in speed, latency, and connectivity to facilitate revolutionary technology like holographic communication, extensive AI, and Internet of Everything (IoE). Such breakthroughs come with sophisticated cyber security issues like ultra-dynamic attack surfaces, decentralized device systems, and quantum-vulnerable encryption protocols. To counter these challenges, this paper investigates the application of blockchain technology and quantum computing as solutions for 6G cyber security improvement. Blockchain provides a tamper-proofed, decentralized system that guarantees data integrity, secure authentication, and transparent access control among heterogeneous devices. However, quantum computing also provides solutions such as post-quantum cryptography (PQC) and quantum key distribution (QKD) that can enhance communication resilience against quantum and conventional assaults.
The fast growth of quantum computing makes the old modes of cryptography, be it RSA or ECC, weak to quantum attacks, especially when it employs Shor's algorithm. Threatening also builds up on the post-quantum age regarding blockchain technology and its external cryptography, which secures reliable transactions and authentication. This study will address the importance of quantum resistant blockchain authentication protocols for the security of decentralized systems against any forward-looking quantum-enabled attacks. This paper goes through different classifications of post-quantum cryptography like lattice-based, hash-based, multivariate polynomial, and code-based cryptography, taking an effort to analyze their compatibility with blockchain use cases.[8] Moreover, we also introduce the innovative quantum-resistant authentication model designed to enhance security while not compromising upon efficiency.[2] [3] Our proposed model would ensure scalability and less computational overhead by partially providing immunity to quantum adversaries through its underlying use of post-quantum signature schemes and lightweight key exchange mechanisms. This research aims at laying the foundation for developing a secure blockchain ecosystem against quantum threats, heading toward a resistant future-proof decentralized infrastructure. [4] [5]
The rapid convergence of sixth-generation (6G) networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) offers enormous potential for ultra-reliable, low-latency, and massive device connectivity. However, this integration also raises security and privacy concerns, particularly in light of new threats from quantum computing that could undermine traditional cryptography. The architecture of quantum-safe IoT networks that can withstand post-quantum security threats is thoroughly discussed in this review. It addresses the challenges related to how to use blockchain technology to provide decentralized trust as well as secure transactions, how to use post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to protect data confidentiality, and the best way to use a trust management architecture to improve identity verification, authorization, and authentication in the diverse IoT environment. The paper then examines scalability considerations, resource constraints, and interoperability problems that impact safe IoT deployments in the 6G era. This work serves as a roadmap for researchers and practitioners who aim to create robust and future IoT infrastructure and then maintain their security in a post-quantum world by integrating recent research patterns, solution development, and considerations related to real-world implementation.
The advent of 6G terahertz (THz) communication networks offers unparalleled data rates and ultra-dense device connectivity but introduces tremendous vulnerabilities to quantum computing attacks. Conventional cryptographic techniques such as RSA and ECC are becoming increasingly vulnerable to quantum attacks and are thus a serious threat to network integrity and data confidentiality. The research here addresses the challenge of protecting 6G-THz networks from quantum adversaries by designing a quantum-resilient cryptographic protocol for ultra-dense network scenarios. The main objective is to offer resilient, scalable, and low-latency encryption and authentication to enable high-throughput THz communications. The system leverages lattice-based post-quantum cryptography combined with a light-weight key distribution protocol and hierarchical identity management to support massive device connectivity. The novelty lies in the adaptive blending of post-quantum primitives optimized to the bandwidth and latency limitations inherent in THz systems, combined with context-aware key negotiation to remove quantum threats in real time. The protocol significantly enhances future network resilience in quantum-enabled adversarial networks.