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International Journal of Modern Physics B

Time-dependent structure factor in an asymmetric dipolar Bose–Hubbard triple-well system

Z. Oztas, Ruveyde Ergun

Published Apr 17, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the dynamical emergence of spatial correlations in a driven triple-well Bose–Hubbard system with asymmetric well energies and time-dependent tunneling. The system has a time-periodic Hamiltonian, and its dynamics synchronize with the driving frequency. The observed oscillations in the structure factor are a direct manifestation of this Floquet driving. Focusing on the time evolution of the structure factor, we show that correlation-based observables reveal dynamical regimes. We demonstrate that increasing the inter-well asymmetry and atomic interactions results in regular oscillations in well occupations, accompanied by a qualitative change in the structure factor, indicating a transition from a dynamically disordered to an ordered regime. Therefore, our results establish the time-dependent structure factor as a sensitive probe of dynamical ordering in few-site-driven Bose–Hubbard systems, providing insight into the correlation buildup beyond effective Hamiltonian descriptions. The findings will shed light on future experimental and theoretical research on Floquet engineering, instability regimes and dynamic phase transitions.

DOI
10.1142/s0217979226501535

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We report on the experimental implementation of tunable occupation-dependent tunneling in a Bose-Hubbard system of ultracold atoms via time-periodic modulation of the on-site interaction energy. The tunneling rate is inferred from a time-resolved measurement of the lattice site occupation after a quantum quench. We demonstrate coherent control of the tunneling dynamics in the correlated many-body system, including full suppression of tunneling as predicted within the framework of Floquet theory. We find that the tunneling rate explicitly depends on the atom number difference in neighboring lattice sites. Our results may open up ways to realize artificial gauge fields that feature density dependence with ultracold atoms.
We study the dynamics and timescales of a periodically driven Fermi-Hubbard model in a three-dimensional hexagonal lattice. The evolution of the Floquet many-body state is analyzed by comparing it to an equivalent implementation in undriven systems. The dynamics of double occupancies for the near- and off-resonant driving regime indicate that the effective Hamiltonian picture is valid for several orders of magnitude in modulation time. Furthermore, we show that driving a hexagonal lattice compared to a simple cubic lattice allows us to modulate the system up to 1 s, corresponding to hundreds of tunneling times, with only minor atom loss. Here, driving at a frequency close to the interaction energy does not introduce resonant features to the atom loss.
Abstract We study the spectral statistics of a one-dimensional Bose–Hubbard model subjected to kinetic driving; a form of Floquet engineering where the kinetic energy is periodically driven in time with a zero time-average. As the amplitude of the driving is increased, the ground state of the resulting flat-band system passes from the Mott insulator regime to an exotic superfluid. We show that this transition is accompanied by a change in the system’s spectral statistics from Poisson to GOE-type. Remarkably, and unlike in the conventional Bose–Hubbard model which we use as a benchmark, the details of the GOE statistics are sensitive to the parity of both the particle number and the lattice sites. We show how this effect arises from a hidden symmetry of the Hamiltonian produced by this form of Floquet driving.
Periodically driven quantum systems provide a powerful route to engineer novel states of matter by controlling their effective Hamiltonians through external fields. However, most treatments are usually simplified by considering the high-frequency limit, and do not account for the processes taking place in the transient regime during the onset of the drive. In this work, we introduce a time and momentum resolved tunneling spectroscopy protocol to probe the instantaneous energy spectrum of Floquet-driven systems beyond the high-frequency regime, capturing both emergent effects and non-adiabatic phenomena without requiring explicit reconstruction of the full time-dependent Green's function. We benchmark the method on driven non-interacting fermionic models, and then generalize the approach to strongly correlated systems with the aid of time-dependent density matrix renormalization group techniques. We also provide a microscopic description to the emergence of in-gap states under resonant driving, and briefly explore its finite temperature analog.
Periodic driving has emerged as a powerful tool in the quest to engineer new and exotic quantum phases.While driven many-body systems are generically expected to absorb energy indefinitely and reach an infinitetemperature state, the rate of heating can be exponentially suppressed when the drive frequency is large compared to the local energy scales of the system-leading to long-lived "prethermal" regimes.In this work, we experimentally study a bosonic cloud of ultracold atoms in a driven optical lattice and identify such a prethermal regime in the Bose-Hubbard model.By measuring the energy absorption of the cloud as the driving frequency is increased, we observe an exponential-in-frequency reduction of the heating rate persisting over more than 2 orders of magnitude.The tunability of the lattice potentials allows us to explore one-and twodimensional systems in a range of different interacting regimes.Alongside the exponential decrease, the dependence of the heating rate on the frequency displays features characteristic of the phase diagram of the Bose-Hubbard model, whose understanding is additionally supported by numerical simulations in one dimension.Our results show experimental evidence of the phenomenon of Floquet prethermalization and provide insight into the characterization of heating for driven bosonic systems.
Periodic driving of strongly correlated systems has led to outstanding discoveries from light-induced superconductivity to time crystals. To gain insights into the fundamental nature of these phenomena, we have recently studied the effects of an external periodic driving in a well-controlled yet simple many-body platform consisting of a Bose-Einstein condensate inside a high-finesse optical cavity. This system hosts a competition between a homogeneous condensate phase and a self-organized density wave phase, which manifests in a superradiant phase transition as the intensity of a transverse pump beam is increased. We demonstrate dynamical control of this phase transition by periodic driving of the pump laser. Furthermore, we discover the emergence of genuine dynamical phases, namely a discrete time crystalline phase and nonequilibrium density wave orders. Accompanying experimental results confirm our theoretical predictions about light-induced control in the atom-cavity system.