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Japan Journal of Research

The Quantum of Radiation or A Threshold of Action?

Etkin Valery

Published Mar 31, 2025• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This article refutes the assertion, based on an examination of the photoelectric effect, that Planck'sconstant is universal, as well as the quantum mechanics that underlies it. Several errors in the energybalance equation for the photoelectric effect are revealed. It is shown that the quantum yield influencesPlanck's constant. The need to account for the efficiency of photovoltaic energy converters (PVCs) andtheir relationship to quantum yield is substantiated. The true meaning of a radiation quantum as theenergy required to maintain the "idle" state of a PVC is established, along with its dependence on thetype of photocathode and its operating mode. Based on this, a classical explanation is given for the lawsof the photoelectric effect discovered by A. Stoletov, and the conclusion is drawn that it is erroneous tocontrast it with the laws of quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.33425/2690-8077.1226

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This article refutes the assertion, based on an examination of the photoelectric effect, that Planck'sconstant is universal, as well as the quantum mechanics that underlies it. Several errors in the energybalance equation for the photoelectric effect are revealed. It is shown that the quantum yield influencesPlanck's constant. The need to account for the efficiency of photovoltaic energy converters (PVCs) andtheir relationship to quantum yield is substantiated. The true meaning of a radiation quantum as theenergy required to maintain the "idle" state of a PVC is established, along with its dependence on thetype of photocathode and its operating mode. Based on this, a classical explanation is given for the lawsof the photoelectric effect discovered by A. Stoletov, and the conclusion is drawn that it is erroneous tocontrast it with the laws of quantum mechanics.
Startling findings concerning the Planck‟s quantum equation, E = hv, have been brought to light in this work. It has been conclusively proven that the conceptual correctness of this quantum equation cannot be justified by any physical reasoning, and that there have emerged a newly formulated but promising quantum equation, P = bv, which relates the power „P‟ of a quantum oscillator, such as a photon, with its frequency „v‟ (where ‘b’is the elementary quantum of energy observable in nature), to be the right kind of quantum equation. Since the core concept in the Einstein‟s theory of the photoelectric effect is critically dependent on the correctness of the Planck‟s quantum equation, bringing about an appropriate modification in the Einstein‟s derivation of the photoelectric effect has been deemed essential. Reformulation of the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation has been carried out in this work taking into consideration the newly emerged quantum perspective as well as the concept of energy-power dichotomy that photons and photoelectrons do exhibit. Thus, the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation expressed in all energy terms, Ee = hv h v0, is get converted into all power terms, Pe = bv bv0. This modified form of the Einstein‟s photoelectric equation has been found to be capable of providing satisfactory explanation to all the salient features the photoelectric effect exhibits.
Whereas globally energy propagates continuously as a wave, in this note we consider that energy can be represented locally by an exponential of time. Using such representation we are able to show that Planck's Formula for blackbody radiation is an exact mathematical identity. We are also able to explain the photoelectric effect without the photon hypothesis and derive an equation relating the photoelectric current to the intensity and frequency of radiation. This equation conforms well with graphical characteristics of the actual experimental data. Moreover, this representation of energy explains the quantum hypothesis, provides a simple intuitive explanation of the double-slit experiment and permits a definition of the temperature of radiation. It also explains the physical meaning of Planck's constant h and why it exists.
A hundred years ago, Planck and Einstein and others created quantum theories or quantum mechanics while they explained the photoelectric effect. Planck and Einstein empirically obtained a statistical relationship between the energy of light quantum and the frequency of light but have not studied the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, so some photoelectric phenomena are difficult to be explained by existing quantum mechanics currently. In this paper, a dynamical process of orthogonal interaction between a photon and an electron to form a new state of matter in photoelectric effect experiments is studied so finding that the Planck constant is a product value of the mass, length, and velocity of a high-energy particle. The dynamics of the orthogonal collision of matter (particles) can not only give the physical process and essence of the photoelectric effect, but also have great significance for the further development of quantum mechanics. It can physically explain phenomena such as wave-particle duality and quantum entanglement in the motion of high-energy particles. Its prospects can be widely used in cosmic physics, macro physics, and micro physics.
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