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Results in Engineering

Simplified semiclassical dicke quantum battery with MATLAB/simulink model

Krit Lertlam, Tanaruk Phosing, Mohd Azli Salim, Chonlatee Photong

Published Apr 10, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum batteries promise enhanced energy storage performance through quantum effects, but their computational modeling typically relies on specialized quantum simulation tools that are inaccessible to most researchers. This work presents a simplified semiclassical mean-field approach that implements a Dicke-type open quantum battery in MATLAB/Simulink, enabling systematic performance analysis for systems of 100 two-level atoms — far beyond the practical reach of conventional quantum master-equation methods. Using this framework, comprehensive parameter-space exploration is carried out via heatmap analysis (41 × 41 grid, 5043 simulations) by varying the driving amplitude ( Ω a m p = 1 × 10 7 –1 × 10 8 rad/s), cavity detuning, and atomic detuning up to ±2 × 10 8 rad/s. The corrected model demonstrates that strong resonant driving ( Δ c = Δ 0 = 0, Ω a m p = 1 × 10 8 rad/s) achieves near-complete charging with η m a x = 99.93 %, while an optimally engineered cavity detuning ( Δ c = 2 × 10 7 rad/s, Δ 0 = 0) yields η m a x = 99.00 % at approximately one-third the drive amplitude — demonstrating that careful frequency engineering can substitute for drive power as a route to near-unity charging efficiency. This represents a 2.4-fold improvement over the large-detuning case ( η m a x = 44.87 %), attributed to the interplay between dark-state formation and spin-cavity coupling efficiency. Independent validation against MATLAB's ode45 confirmed model accuracy with maximum relative errors below 2.55 × 10 −4 %, and individual simulations complete in approximately 7 s on a standard desktop computer.

DOI
10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110499

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•Mar 21, 2024•0 citations
Quantum batteries promise enhanced energy storage performance through quantum effects, but their computational modeling typically relies on specialized quantum simulation tools that are inaccessible to most researchers. This work presents a simplified semiclassical mean-field approach that implements a Dicke-type open quantum battery in MATLAB/Simulink, enabling systematic performance analysis for systems of 100 two-level atoms — far beyond the practical reach of conventional quantum master-equation methods. Using this framework, comprehensive parameter-space exploration is carried out via heatmap analysis (41 × 41 grid, 5043 simulations) by varying the driving amplitude ( Ω a m p = 1 × 10 7 –1 × 10 8 rad/s), cavity detuning, and atomic detuning up to ±2 × 10 8 rad/s. The corrected model demonstrates that strong resonant driving ( Δ c = Δ 0 = 0, Ω a m p = 1 × 10 8 rad/s) achieves near-complete charging with η m a x = 99.93 %, while an optimally engineered cavity detuning ( Δ c = 2 × 10 7 rad/s, Δ 0 = 0) yields η m a x = 99.00 % at approximately one-third the drive amplitude — demonstrating that careful frequency engineering can substitute for drive power as a route to near-unity charging efficiency. This represents a 2.4-fold improvement over the large-detuning case ( η m a x = 44.87 %), attributed to the interplay between dark-state formation and spin-cavity coupling efficiency. Independent validation against MATLAB's ode45 confirmed model accuracy with maximum relative errors below 2.55 × 10 −4 %, and individual simulations complete in approximately 7 s on a standard desktop computer.
The Dicke model is a fundamental model in quantum optics, which describes the interaction between quantum cavity field and a large ensemble of two-level atoms. In this work, we propose an efficient charging quantum battery achieved by considering an extension Dicke model with dipole-dipole interaction and an external driving field. We focus on the influence of the atomic interaction and the driving field on the performance of the quantum battery during the charging process and find that the maximum stored energy exhibits a critical phenomenon. The maximum stored energy and maximum charging power are investigated by varying the number of atoms. When the coupling between atoms and cavity is not very strong, compared to the Dicke quantum battery, such quantum battery can achieve more stable and faster charging. In addition, the maximum charging power approximately satisfies a superlinear scaling relation P_{max}∝βN^{α}, where the quantum advantage α=1.6 can be reached via optimizing the parameters.
Quantum batteries are energy-storing devices, governed by quantum mechanics, that promise high charging performance thanks to collective effects. Because of its experimental feasibility, the Dicke battery-which comprises N two-level systems coupled to a common photon mode-is one of the most promising designs for quantum batteries. However, the chaotic nature of the model severely hinders the extractable energy (ergotropy). Here, we use reinforcement learning to optimize the charging process of a Dicke battery either by modulating the coupling strength, or the system-cavity detuning. We find that the ergotropy and quantum mechanical energy fluctuations (charging precision) can be greatly improved with respect to standard charging strategies by countering the detrimental effect of quantum chaos. Notably, the collective speedup of the charging time can be preserved even when nearly fully charging the battery.
We investigate the charging process of quantum battery (QB) systems in an extended Dicke model with both atomic interactions and an external driving field. We focus on the effects of the atomic interaction and the external driving field on the charging performance of the QB and find that the maximum stored energy of the QB has a critical phenomenon. We analyze the critical behavior and obtain the analytical expression of the critical atomic interaction. The dependence of the maximum stored energy, the energy quantum fluctuations, and the maximum charging power on the number NNN of the two-level systems are also discussed. In particular, for the maximum charging power, we obtain the quantum advantage of the QB, which approximately satisfies a superlinear scaling relation ${P}_{\text{max}}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where scaling exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ varies with the number NNN of the two-level systems. In the ultrastrong coupling regime, the atomic interaction can lead to faster battery charging, and the quantum advantage $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1.88$ can be achieved. While in the deep-strong coupling regime, the quantum advantage of the QB's maximum charging power is the same as that of the Dicke QB, i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1.5$.
In the context of quantum information, a quantum battery refers to a system composed of quantum particles that can store and release energy in a way that is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics. The study of open quantum batteries is motivated by the fact that real-world quantum systems are almost never perfectly isolated from their environment. One important challenge in the study of open quantum batteries is to develop theoretical models that accurately capture the complex interactions between the battery and its environment. the goal of studying open quantum batteries is to develop practical methods for building and operating quantum devices that can store and release energy with high efficiency and reliability, even in the presence of environmental noise and other sources of decoherence. The charging process of open quantum batteries under the influence of dissipative environment will be studied. In this Work, the effect of the classical driving field on the charging process of open quantum batteries will be investigated. The classical driving field can be used to manipulate the charging and discharging process of the battery, leading to enhanced performance and improved efficiency. It also will be showed that the efficiency of open quantum batteries depends on detuning between the qubit and the classical driving field and central frequency of the cavity and the classical driving field.
In the context of quantum information , a quantum battery refers to a system composed of quantum particles that can store and release energy in a way that is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics . The study of open quantum batteries is motivated by the fact that real-world quantum systems are almost never perfectly isolated from their environment. One important challenge in the study of open quantum batteries is to develop theoretical models that accurately capture the complex interactions between the battery and its environment. The goal of studying open quantum batteries is to develop practical methods for building and operating quantum devices that can store and release energy with high efficiency and reliability, even in the presence of environmental noise and other sources of decoherence. In this study, we will investigate the impact of the classical driving field on the charging and discharging processes of open quantum batteries. The application of a classical driving field can effectively regulate the charging and discharging processes of a battery, resulting in enhanced performance and increased efficiency. It will also be demonstrated that the efficiency of open quantum batteries is influenced by the detuning between the qubit and the classical driving field, as well as by the detuning between the central frequency of the cavity and the classical driving field.
Abstract In the context of quantum information, a quantum battery refers to a system composed of quantum particles that can store and release energy in a way that is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics. The study of open quantum batteries is motivated by the fact that real-world quantum systems are almost never perfectly isolated from their environment. One important challenge in the study of open quantum batteries is to develop theoretical models that accurately capture the complex interactions between the battery and its environment. the goal of studying open quantum batteries is to develop practical methods for building and operating quantum devices that can store and release energy with high efficiency and reliability, even in the presence of environmental noise and other sources of decoherence. The charging process of open quantum batteries under the influence of dissipative environment will be studied. In this Work, the effect of the classical driving field on the charging process of open quantum batteries will be investigated. The classical driving field can be used to manipulate the charging and discharging process of the battery, leading to enhanced performance and improved efficiency. It also will be showed that the efficiency of open quantum batteries depends on detuning between the qubit and the classical driving field and central frequency of the cavity and the classical driving field.