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Physica Scripta

Theoretical study of spatially controlled atomic localization using hybrid Gaussian & Laguerre–Gaussian beams

Himani Thakur, Zubair Iqbal Dar, Paramjit Kaur

Published Apr 9, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We study high-resolution atomic localization in a multilevel atomic system driven simultaneously by a Gaussian and a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam. The coexistence of the two fields creates a hybrid coupling landscape in which the Gaussian beam supplies radial confinement, while the LG beam contributes an orbital angular momentum (OAM)-dependent azimuthal modulation. By solving the steady-state density-matrix equations, we show that the resulting localization patterns contain mixed spatial harmonics whose structure is set by the topological charge, beam waist, and probe detuning. The OAM index determines the angular symmetry of the localized absorption features, whereas the beam waist controls their radial extent. Probe detuning provides an additional tuning mechanism that alters the contrast and geometry of the localization regions. These results highlight how structured light fields can be used to engineer controllable spatial localization in atomic media, with relevance to precision metrology, spatially resolved quantum control, and structured-light sensing.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ae5cde

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Abstract We study high-resolution atomic localization in a multilevel atomic system driven simultaneously by a Gaussian and a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam. The coexistence of the two fields creates a hybrid coupling landscape in which the Gaussian beam supplies radial confinement, while the LG beam contributes an orbital angular momentum (OAM)-dependent azimuthal modulation. By solving the steady-state density-matrix equations, we show that the resulting localization patterns contain mixed spatial harmonics whose structure is set by the topological charge, beam waist, and probe detuning. The OAM index determines the angular symmetry of the localized absorption features, whereas the beam waist controls their radial extent. Probe detuning provides an additional tuning mechanism that alters the contrast and geometry of the localization regions. These results highlight how structured light fields can be used to engineer controllable spatial localization in atomic media, with relevance to precision metrology, spatially resolved quantum control, and structured-light sensing.
We propose a scheme to map atoms via the coherence superpositions of orbital angular momentum (OAM) light. The atoms are prepared in the four-level tripod configuration in the presence of a vortex light, which coherently superposes two Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam modes with equal but opposite OAM. Because of the spatially dependent atom-field interaction, the information about the position of the atom can be obtained via the absorption measurement of the weak probe field. It is found that the absorption behavior is significantly impacted by the detuning, control field, azimuthal number, and radial number. Most importantly, atomic mapping accuracy can be controlled by properly adjusting the detunings and control field. The coherent interaction of OAM light with atoms constitutes a platform for active mapping of atoms at specific positions in azimuthal space.
Recently, the generation and detection of structured light field have drawn a great deal of attention, due to their importance in high-capacity optical data storage and quantum technology. In this letter, we explore the azimuthal modulation of optical transparency in a four-level double-V type quantum system near a plasmonic nanostructure. A Laguerre-Gaussian beam and the interaction of the system with free-space vacuum modes have been employed to create the phase-dependent absorption of a non-vortex probe field. First, we demonstrate how to identify the azimuthal index associated with the conventional LG beam via measuring the probe absorption so that the phase information of such a beam gets encoded on the spatially-dependent absorption profile with angularly-distributed lobes. Also, a spatially-varying optical transparency can be formed, due to the periodic variation of the absorption spectrum. Then, asymmetrical Laguerre-Gaussian beams are used to extend the selective spatial transparency mechanism to asymmetric spatially-structured windows, allowing for optical manipulation of spatial modes at arbitrary positions. Moreover, we investigate the influence of the asymmetric parameter on the features of the spatial inhomogeneities and show how the beams enable us to imprint the phase information of the orbital angular momentum at a desired position.
Abstract Use of the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams in an atom-light interaction makes the linewidth of the optical spectrum narrow. We exploit this fact for providing the ability to accomplish simultaneous ultra-high precision and spatial resolution atom localization in a double-Λ atomic system; under multi-photon resonance condition, the resolution of the localization is remarkably improved so that the atom can be localized in a region smaller than λ /100 × λ /100. Most prominently, the probability of finding the atom at a particular position is always 100%, when a photon with certain frequencies is absorbed or amplified. Such features are mainly attributed to radial dependence associated with the LG beams in a spatially dependent atom-light interaction.
Abstract We analyze azimuthal modulation of probe field absorption profile in a closed four-level inverted Y-type atomic system. We employ a Laguerre–Gaussian beam and a microwave field to realize spatially varying atomic susceptibility, which is responsible for the generation of structured light. An extra nonvortex control beam is used to ensure electromagnetically induced transparency at the core of Laguerre–Gaussian beam. Our proposed model exhibits both absorption and gain at different azimuthal angles, and orbital angular momentum of light can be identified via absorption profile of the probe field. We further discuss the transfer of optical vortices from Laguerre–Gaussian beam to the transmitted probe field.
We demonstrate coherence-controlled azimuthal modulation of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and all-optical switching in a four-level atomic ensemble coupled to a Laguerre-Gaussian beam, a control field, and a microwave field. The spatial EIT patterns exhibit doublet, quartet, and sextuplet structures, evolving into more complex structures with increasing orbital angular momentum (OAM). These structures can be dynamically switched between EIT and absorption patterns, preserving mirror image symmetry (with even OAM) and rotation symmetry (with odd OAM) by adjusting the relative phase of the coupling fields. By creating two-dimensional electromagnetically induced gratings (EIGs), we find that the diffractive patterns are influenced by probe field detuning, OAM, and relative phase. Specifically, the diffraction patterns of a probe field exhibit complex behavior across first to fourth orders, with intensities influenced by topological charge and azimuthal angle. The diffraction patterns are further modulated by the relative phase, with patterns at 0 and π being mirror images of each other, while the pattern at π /2 exhibits distinct behavior. These findings highlight the potential for precise control over structural EIT, all optical switching and diffraction patterns in coherent atomic media.
This study presents an innovative scheme for detecting the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of vortex beams within an atomic ensemble. Leveraging a homogeneously broadened four-level atomic system driven by two orthogonal polarization probe beams, we demonstrate the selective generation of structured beams without the need for magnetic fields between the two ground states. Through detailed theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we elucidate the phase-dependent behavior of atomic coherences induced by an OAM-carrying Laguerre–Gaussian optical probe beam. These findings enable the creation of petal-like structures within the probe beam, with the number of petals directly correlated to the OAM value. Our investigation underscores the potential of this OAM detection scheme as a highly sensitive and precise sensor, applicable across diverse domains such as telecommunication, microscopy, and optical metrology.