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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Features of the Decay of Rabi Oscillations in a Semiconductor During a Superradiant Phase Transition

Petr P Vasil'ev

Published Mar 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Rabi oscillations in semiconductor heterostructures generating superradiance at room temperature have been studied experimentally and theoretically. An anomalously long oscillation decay time has been observed experimentally in structures with a low- Q cavity. A theoretical model of the dynamics of the coherent interaction of an electron–hole system with an electromagnetic field in such a cavity, which is based on the classical Maxwell–Bloch equations, predicts a decay time more than an order of magnitude shorter than that measured experimentally. It is suggested that one of the possible reasons for this effect may be the presence of quantum feedback arising from two counterpropagating electromagnetic waves, which mediate the interaction of two coherent electron–hole ensembles and lead to their quantum entanglement with the electromagnetic field.

DOI
10.1134/s0021364025610735

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Rabi oscillations in semiconductor heterostructures generating superradiance at room temperature have been studied experimentally and theoretically. An anomalously long oscillation decay time has been observed experimentally in structures with a low- Q cavity. A theoretical model of the dynamics of the coherent interaction of an electron–hole system with an electromagnetic field in such a cavity, which is based on the classical Maxwell–Bloch equations, predicts a decay time more than an order of magnitude shorter than that measured experimentally. It is suggested that one of the possible reasons for this effect may be the presence of quantum feedback arising from two counterpropagating electromagnetic waves, which mediate the interaction of two coherent electron–hole ensembles and lead to their quantum entanglement with the electromagnetic field.
The quantum properties of superradiant pulses generated at the radiative recombination of an electron–hole condensate in semiconductor heterostructures at room temperature have been studied using optical homodyne tomography. Signatures of the quantum entanglement of superradiant states, which are superpositions of two coherent states, have been revealed. It has been demonstrated that reconstructed Wigner functions under certain conditions are very similar to the Wigner functions of the Schrödinger cat states.
A review of an experimental study of superradiance in semiconductor inorganic structures is presented. It is demonstrated that unique properties of superradiant emission are determined by unusual properties of electrons and holes, namely, the formation of BCS-like state in a system of collectively paired electrons and holes. This can adequately explain all features of superradiance, including its femtosecond pulse duration, record peak power, optical spectrum, spatial and temporal coherency and macroscopically large fluctuations. The effect of non-equilibrium condensation of electrons and holes in the phase domain at room temperature is experimentally demonstrated. The critical temperature of condensation in a strongly degenerate system of electrons and holes is finally theoretically estimated.
Quantum Rabi oscillation in cavity quantum electrodynamics is at the very heart of the interaction of an atomic system with a single electromagnetic field in a resonator. It has proved a powerful tool to entangle the atom with the field in the case of an empty cavity (vacuum Rabi oscillation). On the other side, as soon as the field is macroscopic, its state seems unaffected and one observes the well-known phenomenon of classical Rabi oscillation which only affects the atomic populations. We propose to experimentally investigate the frontier between those two behaviours, when one has to take into account the fluctations of the photon number. In order to do so, we let interact circular Rydberg atoms with a microwave resonator in which a mesocopic field is injected (a few tens of photons). We observe a strong correlation between specific atomic states and the phase of the injected field, which is measured by a homodyne technique. Those correlations explain in an easy way all the standard features of quantum Rabi oscillations (especially the collapses and revivals). Moreover they allow for the preparation of atom-field entangled state as well as non classical Schroedinger cat like states for the field.
The paper examines the conditions for and mechanism of the onset of a nonequilibrium superradiant phase transition in a bulk semiconductor at room temperature in the strong coupling regime.Experimental data are analyzed, and the characteristic properties of this phase transition are compared with previously studied quantum phase transitions in ultracold gases in traps, ensembles of quantum dots, superconducting qubits, and some others.All the basic properties of the previously discovered collective state formed in the process of induced condensation of electron-hole pairs at room temperature are shown to correspond to those of the superradiant phase transition observed in other media.
In this paper, we present an analytical solution to the Maxwell–Bloch equations of the two-level semiconductor quantum well, G a A s / A l G a A s . In addition, we discuss the effects of coherent Rabi oscillations Ω ( t ) and the frequency of the semiconductor system ν ( t ) on atomic occupation probabilities, ρ 11 ( t ) and ρ 22 ( t ) , population inversion, ρ z ( t ) , and information entropies, H ( σ x ) , H ( σ y ) , and H ( σ z ) . We observe clearly the emergence of long-lived quantum coherence and the decay in curves for some special cases of Ω ( t ) and ν ( t ) . Also, we show that the dynamic nonlinear properties of the system can be controlled by changing the values of the coherent Rabi oscillations Ω ( t ) and the frequency of the semiconductor system ν ( t ) . Due to the lack of mathematical treatment of such systems, our study promises significant advantages for a large number of nonlinear dynamic systems, opening up a wide range of applications for semiconductor quantum wells.
The experimental success achieved in recent decades in the coherent manipulation of several Rabi cycles has led to a new stage in the physics of radiation-matter interaction. Motivated by this perspective, we propose here the engineering of coherent many-body Rabi oscillations (CMBROs) induced from the interactions of a moderately dense atomic sample with the environment and a high-finesse cavity mode. The CMBRO follows from the interplay between superradiance and superabsorption: the collective decay and absorption of the atomic sample inside the cavity. The equations we have derived for this interplay, based on the mean-field approximation, describe a two-level superradiant laser in an appropriate parameter regime, and its properties are also discussed. The control of quantum coherence according to the method presented here can be adapted to the implementation of quantum information processes as well as for the investigation of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics.