Quantum Computing constitutes a technologically disruptive paradigm, grounded in principles such as superposition and entanglement, which make it possible to surpass certain limits of classical computing. Nevertheless, this capability introduces significant vulnerabilities in the field of cybersecurity, calling into question the foundations of contemporary cryptography. Quantum algorithms such as Shor's and Grover's may compromise asymmetric cryptographic systems, namely RSA and ECC, and reduce the effective security margin of symmetric cryptography. This article analyses the foundations of quantum computing and its impact on digital and communication infrastructures. In light of this scenario, the transition to PQC is examined as a technical and normative response. In parallel, a legal and regulatory analysis is conducted, focusing on organizational liability in light of the GDPR, the DORA Regulation, and the NIS2 Directive. It is concluded that the continued use of outdated cryptographic mechanisms may constitute not only a technical weakness, but also a material legal risk. The article puts forward practical and normative recommendations aimed at digital resilience in an emerging risk context.
Quantum Computing constitutes a technologically disruptive paradigm, grounded in principles such as superposition and entanglement, which make it possible to surpass certain limits of classical computing. Nevertheless, this capability introduces significant vulnerabilities in the field of cybersecurity, calling into question the foundations of contemporary cryptography. Quantum algorithms such as Shor's and Grover's may compromise asymmetric cryptographic systems, namely RSA and ECC, and reduce the effective security margin of symmetric cryptography. This article analyses the foundations of quantum computing and its impact on digital and communication infrastructures. In light of this scenario, the transition to PQC is examined as a technical and normative response. In parallel, a legal and regulatory analysis is conducted, focusing on organizational liability in light of the GDPR, the DORA Regulation, and the NIS2 Directive. It is concluded that the continued use of outdated cryptographic mechanisms may constitute not only a technical weakness, but also a material legal risk. The article puts forward practical and normative recommendations aimed at digital resilience in an emerging risk context.
The article addresses the emerging challenges that quantum computing poses for the protection of personal data, highlighting its disruptive capacity over current cryptographic systems. Through a systematic literature review based on recent academic sources and institutional documents from agencies such as NIST and ENISA, it critically examines how quantum algorithms, such as Shor's, can breach traditional cryptographic methods such as RSA and ECC. Among the main findings, two central risks are identified: the obsolescence of current cryptography and the threat of massive leaks of sensitive data, even those encrypted today with standards considered secure. The study also reveals legal loopholes and an alarming lack of technical criteria in current regulations, which weakens the legal capacity to anticipate these risks. It concludes that there is an urgent need for a proactive and technologically informed regulatory reform that incorporates post-quantum cryptographic standards and promotes international cooperation. The article highlights the need for interdisciplinary responses to preserve privacy as a fundamental right in the new digital environment transformed by quantum technologies.
Quantum computing, a transformative leap in computational science, is rapidly emerging as a disruptive force capable of reshaping the foundational pillars of cybersecurity and cryptography. Unlike classical computing, which relies on binary states, quantum computing utilizes quantum bits (qubits), leveraging the principles of superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling to perform complex calculations at unprecedented speeds. This paradigm shift poses a dual-edged impact on the field of cybersecurity: it offers unparalleled potential for advancing secure communication through quantum cryptographic protocols such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), while simultaneously threatening the integrity of classical encryption methods like RSA and ECC, which could be rendered obsolete by quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's. This paper explores the current state of quantum computing, its implications for existing cryptographic infrastructures, and the urgent need for post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards. It also examines governmental and institutional responses to the quantum threat, including NIST's ongoing PQC standardization efforts, and the development of hybrid cryptographic models that combine quantumresistant algorithms with classical security measures. Furthermore, the study discusses ethical considerations, regulatory challenges, and the importance of global cooperation in transitioning to a quantum-secure digital future. As quantum technology progresses from theoretical frameworks to practical applications, cybersecurity must evolve in tandem to address both its promises and perils.
ABSTRACT Quantum computing represents one of the most significant technological transformations of the 21st century, with the potential to profoundly alter the foundations of information security. This study aims to analyze the impacts of quantum computing on modern cryptographic systems, investigating both the threats posed by quantum algorithms and the protective alternatives currently under development. The research was carried out through a qualitative bibliographic review based on books, scientific articles, and technical publications in the fields of cryptography and quantum computing. The study examined Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms, demonstrating how their mathematical properties undermine classical cryptographic models, particularly public-key systems such as RSA. It also explored post-quantum and quantum cryptographic approaches, highlighting lattice-based solutions and quantum key distribution (QKD). The results indicate that, although quantum computing presents a real threat to digital security, it also drives the emergence of more resilient and innovative cryptographic techniques. It is concluded that the transition to a post-quantum era demands careful planning, international standardization, and continuous investment in research and infrastructure. Key-words: Quantum computing. Modern cryptography. Post-quantum cryptography. Information security.
The evolution of quantum computing represents one of the most significant technological transformations of this century, with direct implications for cryptographic systems currently in use, especially in the field of asymmetric cryptography. This article develops a prospective study on the impact of quantum computing on asymmetric cryptographic infrastructures, presenting the central problem and proposing the implementation of a structured solution in the form of a transition roadmap. This approach enables the anticipation of technological scenarios and the identification of appropriate mitigation strategies, based on scientific evidence and expert projections. The results obtained highlight the vulnerability of classical cryptographic algorithms, based on complex mathematical problems, such as RSA and ECC, demonstrating that the technological and cryptographic transition is inevitable. However, this transition should not be exclusively algorithmic, it must integrate technical training policies, regulatory compliance, interoperability between hybrid systems, and continuous monitoring mechanisms. The proposed solution stands out from the others due to its methodological and operational approach, offering a dynamic, detailed, and adaptable model applicable to different organizational and sectoral contexts. The proposed roadmap is structured in sequential and interdependent phases, allowing for practical and strategic guidance of the transition process. The contributions of this research include the systematization of the phases of the post-quantum transition process, the introduction of a resilient and evolutionary model capable of responding to technological uncertainty, and the consolidation of an integrated approach that combines academic, scientific, organizational, and technical rigor. Planning and adopting a proactive stance are crucial factors in ensuring the operational continuity and resilience of digital infrastructures in a potential quantum era. The article therefore constitutes a relevant contribution to the academic debate on post-quantum information security, offering practical guidance and concepts applicable to the protection of digital infrastructures in the context of profound technological transformation.
Abstract: Quantum computing poses a structural challenge to contemporary cryptographic infrastructures that underpin digital governance, financial systems, and cross-border data flows. As quantum capabilities advance, widely deployed encryption standards risk obsolescence, exposing systemic vulnerabilities within cloud architectures, blockchain ecosystems, and global data protection regimes. This paper critically explores the convergence of Quantum Computing, Post- Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and international regulatory frameworks. It analyses the preparedness of key jurisdictions such as the European Union, the United States, Japan, China and Singapore, in embedding quantum-resilient standards into cybersecurity and data privacy laws. The paper proposes prospective strategies for building harmonized governance mechanisms and developing agile regulatory mechanisms that can evolve alongside quantum technological progress. Securing data against quantum threats is not solely a technical imperative but a pressing legal and geopolitical priority in the evolving architecture of digital sovereignty. Keywords: Quantum Computing, Post-Quantum Cryptography, Data Protection, Cybersecurity Law, Cloud Ecosystems, International Legal Systems
The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses both transformative opportunities and profound challenges for modern cybersecurity and cryptography. Unlike classical computers, quantum systems leverage the principles of quantum mechanics-superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling-to process information in fundamentally new ways, enabling exponentially faster computation for certain problems. This paradigm shift threatens to render many of today's widely adopted cryptographic algorithms obsolete, particularly those relying on the hardness of integer factorization (e.g., RSA) and discrete logarithms (e.g., ECC and DSA). Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm, have the potential to break these cryptosystems in polynomial time, exposing sensitive data to unprecedented levels of vulnerability. Additionally, Grover's algorithm accelerates brute-force attacks on symmetric encryption schemes, reducing their effective security strength by half. This paper explores the implications of quantum computing on current cryptographic infrastructures, highlighting the urgency for transitioning to quantum-resistant or postquantum cryptographic algorithms. It examines emerging standards from bodies such as NIST, which are fostering the development and evaluation of lattice-based, codebased, multivariate polynomial, and hash-based cryptographic solutions. Furthermore, the study delves into the dual-edged nature of quantum computing in cybersecuritydiscussing its potential not only as a threat but also as a powerful tool for enhancing security through quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum random number generation, and other quantum-enhanced protocols. The work concludes by evaluating the readiness of current systems for the "quantum threat," identifying gaps in awareness, infrastructure, and policy, and proposing a strategic roadmap for a secure transition into the post-quantum era. As the quantum revolution accelerates, understanding and preparing for its cybersecurity ramifications is not merely a technical necessity but a cornerstone of global digital resilience.