We present the Information Dynamics framework, where quantum mechanics emerges from a more fundamental information field. Two complementary perspectives are offered. First perspective (quantum physics view): The Schrödinger equation is derived as the unitary, dissipation-free limit of a generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation. The information purity pID = ε/(ε+γ) controls the transition between wave-like coherence and particle-like decoherence. Second perspective (information superconductor view): In the limit pID → 1, the information field behaves as an information superconductor — a dissipation-free flow of information, analogous to electrical superconductivity. The Schrödinger equation becomes the “London equation” of this information superfluid. The information purity pID = ε/(ε+γ) is the KPI. It measures the coherence of the information flow — the fraction of the information field that remains in a pure, superconducting state. It does not correspond to any conserved quantity in physics. Instead, it is an information‑theoretic score: high pID means clean, wave‑like, nonlocal behavior; low pID means noisy, particle‑like, classical behavior. We invert two landmark 2025 experiments: the MIT wave-particle duality test and the BESIII Bell test. Using pID as a pre-defined parameter (not a post-hoc fit), we obtain pID = 0.875 ± 0.012 from the MIT visibility intercept, and pID = 0.966 ± 0.004 from the BESIII S parameter. These results show that wave-particle duality and quantum nonlocality are two facets of the same information-theoretic principle. The Value of Information Dynamics: A New Perspective, Not Just New Predictions Information Dynamics is not intended to replace or overturn the current physical laws. Its role is analogous to that of a high‑level programming language—the binary code compiled from a high‑level language may be functionally identical to hand‑written assembly, yet the value of the high‑level language lies in simpler abstractions, greater unifying power, and the ability to solve complex problems. Similarly, starting solely from binary code, there are several ways to prove the existence of a high‑level programming language (e.g., bootstrapping, cross‑platform consistency, solving problems impractical in binary, information compression, extensibility, etc.). However, each of these approaches requires substantial time and broad collaboration. This paper serves only as the beginning of such an ambitious endeavor, presenting the core ideas and initial constructions. This paper takes only the first step—demonstrating the basic syntax and core ideas of Information Dynamics as a “high‑level language.” We sincerely invite colleagues in the academic community to collaborate and together complete this grand bootstrapping project. Upload note: This is the preprint version updated on April 4, 2026. All figures, data, and code are included in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/hkaiopen/InformationDynamics_Quantum/
We present the Information Dynamics framework, where quantum mechanics emerges from a more fundamental information field. Two complementary perspectives are offered. First perspective (quantum physics view): The Schrödinger equation is derived as the unitary, dissipation-free limit of a generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation. The information purity pID = ε/(ε+γ) controls the transition between wave-like coherence and particle-like decoherence. Second perspective (information superconductor view): In the limit pID → 1, the information field behaves as an information superconductor — a dissipation-free flow of information, analogous to electrical superconductivity. The Schrödinger equation becomes the “London equation” of this information superfluid. The information purity pID = ε/(ε+γ) is the KPI. It measures the coherence of the information flow — the fraction of the information field that remains in a pure, superconducting state. It does not correspond to any conserved quantity in physics. Instead, it is an information‑theoretic score: high pID means clean, wave‑like, nonlocal behavior; low pID means noisy, particle‑like, classical behavior. We invert two landmark 2025 experiments: the MIT wave-particle duality test and the BESIII Bell test. Using pID as a pre-defined parameter (not a post-hoc fit), we obtain pID = 0.875 ± 0.012 from the MIT visibility intercept, and pID = 0.966 ± 0.004 from the BESIII S parameter. These results show that wave-particle duality and quantum nonlocality are two facets of the same information-theoretic principle. The Value of Information Dynamics: A New Perspective, Not Just New Predictions Information Dynamics is not intended to replace or overturn the current physical laws. Its role is analogous to that of a high‑level programming language—the binary code compiled from a high‑level language may be functionally identical to hand‑written assembly, yet the value of the high‑level language lies in simpler abstractions, greater unifying power, and the ability to solve complex problems. Similarly, starting solely from binary code, there are several ways to prove the existence of a high‑level programming language (e.g., bootstrapping, cross‑platform consistency, solving problems impractical in binary, information compression, extensibility, etc.). However, each of these approaches requires substantial time and broad collaboration. This paper serves only as the beginning of such an ambitious endeavor, presenting the core ideas and initial constructions. This paper takes only the first step—demonstrating the basic syntax and core ideas of Information Dynamics as a “high‑level language.” We sincerely invite colleagues in the academic community to collaborate and together complete this grand bootstrapping project. Upload note: This is the preprint version updated on April 4, 2026. All figures, data, and code are included in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/hkaiopen/InformationDynamics_Quantum/
The Observer Effect and Wave–Particle Duality in the S-field Framework --- 1. The traditional wave–particle problem In standard quantum mechanics, physical entities appear to behave: • as waves in interference experiments; • as particles when measured or detected. This has led to the idea that observation itself changes reality, often formulated as: “measurement collapses the wavefunction”. However, this formulation leaves unresolved questions: • What qualifies as an observer? • Why should information acquisition alter physical law? • Where exactly does the transition occur? --- 2. S-field perspective: no wave, no particle as primitives In the S-field framework, neither “wave” nor “particle” is fundamental. At the base level, there exist only: • oscillatory S-field states; • phase, frequency, and orientation; • dynamic resonance patterns. Wave and particle are emergent regimes, not ontological categories. 3. Wave behavior: coherent phase evolution A system exhibits wave-like behavior when: • S-oscillations evolve coherently; • multiple phase paths remain phase-correlated; • no dominant resonance locking occurs. In this regime: • interference patterns arise naturally; • delocalization reflects phase superposition; • the system evolves as a distributed resonance structure. “Wave” behavior is therefore a manifestation of extended phase coherence. --- 4. Particle behavior: resonance locking Particle-like behavior emerges when: • the S-oscillatory ensemble undergoes strong phase locking; • coherence collapses into a dominant resonant configuration; • the system enters a stable 4D projection. Localization is not imposed externally — it is a self-organized resonance outcome. A “particle” is a stable, self-locked oscillatory ensemble. 5. What observation actually does Observation does not create reality and does not collapse a wavefunction. Instead, observation means: • physical interaction with an environment; • introduction of new S-field couplings; • modification of phase relations. This interaction typically: • reduces global phase coherence; • enforces resonance selection; • stabilizes a particular outcome. Thus, observation is not epistemic — it is dynamical. --- 6. Why which-path information destroys interference Interference disappears because: • phase correlations are disrupted; • alternative phase paths decohere; • the system is forced into locally stable resonance modes. Which-path information is not special — any interaction that breaks coherence removes interference. No observer consciousness is required. 7. Delayed-choice experiments In delayed-choice scenarios: • the system remains in a coherent oscillatory regime; • no definitive resonance locking occurs until interaction; • temporal ordering appears paradoxical only classically. In the S-field framework: • time itself emerges from phase ordering; • coherence preservation allows late-mode selection; • no retrocausality is involved. The outcome reflects final coherence conditions, not past knowledge. --- 8. No collapse, only regime transition There is no physical “collapse”. Instead, there is: • a transition from distributed coherence to localized resonance stability; • a change of dynamical regime; • emergence of macroscopic definiteness. Wave → particle transition is micro → macro coherence restructuring. 9. One-sentence synthesis > Wave–particle duality is not a duality of objects, but a duality of coherence regimes in the S-field. --- 10. Conceptual closure This interpretation: • removes observer-dependence; • preserves realism; • unifies wave and particle behavior dynamically; • aligns quantum phenomena with micro–macro transition theory. Si(t) = Ai · e^( i( ωi·t + φi ) ) C = | (1 / N) · Σ_{i=1}^N e^( i φi ) | Order parameter (complex): R·e^( iΨ ) = (1 / N) · Σ_{j=1}^N e^( i φ_j ) , C ≡ R Kuramoto-type phase dynamics (micro ensemble): dφ_i/dt = ω_i + (K / N) · Σ_{j=1}^N sin( φ_j − φ_i ) Self-consistent equation for stationary coherence R: R = ∫ dω g(ω) · √(1 − (ω/(K R))^2 ) (for |ω| ≤ K R) — standard Kuramoto integral form Mass as emergent resonant integral: m ∝ ∫ ρ_S(χ) · C(χ) · dV_S(χ) Micro→macro criterion: C ≥ C_crit ⇒ stable 4D projection (particle regime) C < C_crit ⇒ incoherent / wave-like regime Interference visibility and intensity (two-path): I(Δφ) = I_0 · [ 1 + V · cos( Δφ ) ] , V ∝ C Coherence decay under environment coupling (phenomenological): dC/dt = α(K,…) · C − Γ_env · C ⇒ C(t) = C(0) · e^{ (α − Γ_env) t } Decoherence rate (Fermi-golden-rule style): Γ_env(ω) = (2π / ħ) · |V_int(ω)|^2 · ρ_env(ω) Measurement interaction as coupling-induced locking (mean-field): dr/dt = (K/2) · r · (1 − r^2) − γ · r , fixed points r = 0 (wave) and r = r_* > 0 (particle) when K > K_c Which-path disruption condition: any interaction s.t. Γ_env ≳ α(K,…) ⇒ V → 0 (interference destroyed) Time as accumulated phase change (collective): t ≡ (1 / Ω) · Σ_k Δφ_k , Ω ≡ ⟨ω⟩_ensemble Spatial separation as phase-metric: d_{AB} ∝ | ⟨ e^( i( φ_A − φ_B ) ) ⟩ | Classical limit (macroscopic): lim_{N→∞} Var(φ) → 0 ⇒ C → 1 ⇒ particle-like, deterministic dynamics Compact formal statement: Classicality = lim_{C,N → large} ( Quantum S-ensemble )
Information Dynamics provides a novel response to the Einstein-Bohr debate: quantum nonlocality is not superluminal signaling, but rather the projection of global coherence in virtual space; no parallel universes are required—measurement is merely a unidirectional projection from the virtual to the real component of information; the geometric constant 0.25 in Bell inequality violations originates from the intrinsic curvature of the two-dimensional virtual space (SU(2)). The violation of the Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality is a core result in the experimental verification of Bell's theorem. In 2025, the BESIII experiment measured the CHSH parameter S = 2.800 ± 0.010 for entangled ΛΛ¯ pairs with exceptional precision, unambiguously violating classical local realism. Within the Information Dynamics framework, we treat quantum systems as Information Superconductors—featuring global coherence in virtual space, information conservation, and a dynamic real-virtual coupling matrix K(x). Starting from two primitive axioms, we rigorously prove that virtual space possesses constant curvature K = 1/4, from which we derive in a unified manner: The Tsirelson bound for the CH inequality: (√2−1)/2 ≈ 0.2071 (projection of one-dimensional geodesic arc length); The quantum upper bound for the I3322 inequality: 0.25 (projection of two-dimensional spherical area). More importantly, we propose a novel testable prediction: for partially entangled pure states, the Information Dynamics prediction for the CH violation, S^ID_CH(η) = (√(1+sin 2η)−1)/2, is systematically larger than the standard quantum mechanical prediction, S^QM_CH(η) = (√(1+sin² 2η)−1)/2, with the two converging only at maximal entanglement. Taking η=30° as an example, the relative deviation exceeds 13%, well within the resolution of current photonic entanglement experiments, thereby providing a direct falsification pathway for Information Dynamics. First-Principles Numerical Verification: We further perform first-principles numerical simulations starting from the generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation, using FFT spectral methods on 2D lattices (up to 128×128). The results show that in the information superconducting phase (ρ_target ≳ 0.85), the effective curvature K_eff(C) ∝ C emerges naturally from the dynamics with ΔAIC = -5.67 and 91% Monte Carlo support, and the fitted exponent α = 1.02 ± 0.06, in excellent agreement with the geometric prediction α = 1. A quick version (64×64, 10 seeds, running in ~25 seconds on a personal computer) also strongly favors the linear model (ΔAIC < -60) across all tested parameter sets. These results provide strong first-principles numerical support for the linear projection hypothesis of Information Dynamics. This work not only answers "why" the geometric scale is 0.25, but also elevates imaginary space from a mathematical tool to a physical entity with measurable curvature, offering a new information-theoretic perspective on the century-old Einstein-Bohr debate.
Abstract:Wave–particle duality remains one of the most conceptually challenging aspects of quantum mechanics. Standard interpretations describe the transition between wave-like and particle-like behavior through complementarity or measurement-induced collapse, but do not specify the underlying mechanism.This work proposes a new interpretation based on Informational Distinguishability (ID): a quantum system behaves as a wave when its possible micro-configurations or paths are informationally indistinguishable, and as a particle when environmental structure renders these configurations distinguishable. The transition corresponds to an informational compression rather than an observer-dependent collapse.The framework naturally explains interference disappearance, quantum erasers, delayed-choice phenomena, and upstream mode switching. It also yields falsifiable predictions, including quantitative thresholds of distinguishability and controlled partial-interference regimes.The model provides a unifying informational foundation for wave–particle behavior and suggests new directions in quantum foundations, measurement theory, and informational physics.
Does information play a significant role in the foundations of physics? Information is the abstraction that allows us to refer to the states of systems when we choose to ignore the systems themselves. This is only possible in very particular frameworks, like in classical or quantum theory, or more generally, whenever there exists an information unit such that the state of any system can be reversibly encoded in a sufficient number of such units. In this work we show how the abstract formalism of quantum theory can be deduced solely from the existence of an information unit with suitable properties, together with two further natural assumptions: the continuity and reversibility of dynamics, and the possibility of characterizing the state of a composite system by local measurements. This constitutes a new set of postulates for quantum theory with a simple and direct physical meaning, like the ones of special relativity or thermodynamics, and it articulates a strong connection between physics and information.
This document is part of an ongoing monograph series developing the Action–Theta–Entropy (ATE) Theory, a variational and information-theoretic reconstruction of fundamental physics based on the concept of distinction cost. The ATE framework is constructed step by step, beginning from an explicit ontological shift: physical reality is not grounded in particles or fields as primitives, but in operationally distinguishable states. From this starting point, the theory systematically derives quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, decoherence, measurement, and gravitation as different regimes of a single variational balance between kinematic distinction cost and entropic irreversibility. The present monograph represents a fully extended and mathematically explicit stage of this construction. It includes: a precise definition of distinction density as the fundamental physical variable, a dimensionally closed variational principle balancing Fisher-type kinematic cost against entropy production, the derivation of Schrödinger dynamics in the closed-system limit, a dynamical, energy-dimensioned Θ field governing information–energy conversion, a non-postulatory emergence of decoherence and the Born rule, and an information-theoretic extension of Einstein’s equations. This work does not claim to be a final or complete theory. Rather, it should be read as a coherent core formulation within a longer research program. Subsequent monographs in the series will continue the construction, address remaining open structures (e.g. full dissipative variational closure, parameter unification, and relativistic quantum field limits), and further refine the experimental and phenomenological consequences. The main text of the present monograph is written in Turkish. An English version of the full text is planned and will be uploaded in a later release as part of the same series. In the interim, it is hoped that the universality of the mathematical language—explicit equations, dimensional analysis, and variational structures—will allow interested researchers to engage with the core content despite the temporary language barrier. This repository entry is therefore intended as: a stable, citable record of the current state of the ATE framework, an invitation for critical scrutiny and conceptual discussion, and a reference point for future installments of the monograph series.
The formulation of quantum physics stands among the most revolutionary theories of the twentieth century. During the first decades of this century, many phenomena concerning the microscopic world were unexplained or had ad-hoc descriptions. The theory of quantum physics introduced a framework that allowed predicting these phenomena with unprecedented precision. While quantum mechanics offered counter-intuitive explanations for these experimental results, it predicted unexpected quantum phenomena which were considered symptoms of an ill-defined theory. Decades passed and more and more empirical evidences sustained the existence of purely quantum effects and therefore the validity of this theory. Hence, it became a solid branch of science and physicists started to engineer scenarios where quantum effects could provide improvements if compared with classical scenarios. This approach gave birth to quantum information science, where quantum particles are manipulated to perform information tasks. Several innovative protocols, e.g. concerning state teleportation, dense coding, cryptography and integer factorization algorithms, proved that quantum physics allowed performances unattainable in classical settings. The formulation of quantum protocols able to provide substantial speed-ups raised wide interest of the academic world and private companies. Nonetheless, the implementation of more and more complex quantum protocols became an increasingly harder task. Indeed, manipulating a large number of quantum particles with a level of noise that is small enough to obtain quantum advantages is, even nowadays, a demanding goal. The purely-quantum features essential for these speed-ups are fragile when noise influences experimental apparatus. Hence, in order to access the full potential of quantum theory, the ability to handle noisy environments is a fundamental goal. This thesis is devoted to the study of open quantum systems (OQS), namely those where the interaction between the target quantum system and its surrounding environment is taken under consideration during the evolution. Indeed, isolated systems cannot provide realistic descriptions of dynamics. Understanding how to exploit and manipulate environments in order to obtain dynamics that are less aggressive with the information stored in our OQS is therefore an essential goal to achieve quantum advantages. There are two possible dynamical regimes for the information encoded in an OQS. We call an evolution Markovian when there is a one-way flow of information from the OQS to the environment. Instead, the non-Markovian regime is distinguished by one or more time intervals when this flow is reversed. In this case, we say that we witness information backflows. A characterization based on the different types of information quantifiers that can be considered in this context is fundamental to exploit these phenomena in information processing scenarios. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the potential of correlation measures to show backflows when the OQS dynamics is non-Markovian. The first three works that we expose are devoted to this topic. First, we study how entanglement and quantum mutual information behave under non-Markovian evolutions. We follow with the formulation of a correlation measure that is able to witness almost-all non-Markovian evolutions. The last work along this topic provides the first one-to-one relation between correlation backflows and non-Markovian evolutions. The last work in this thesis adopts a different point of view under which we can characterize OQS evolutions. We quantify non-Markovianity through the minimal amount of Markovian noise that has to be added in order to make an evolution Markovian. La formulación de la física cuántica se encuentra entre las teorías más revolucionadoras del siglo XX. Durante las primeras décadas de siglo, muchos fenómenos asociados al mundo microscópico yacían sin una descripción clara, o bien ésta era ad-hoc. La física cuántica introdujo un marco que permitió explicar estos fenómenos con una precisión sin precedentes. Si bien sus explicaciones eran contraintuitivas, los inesperados fenómenos cuánticos que predijo se consideraron síntomas de una teoría mal definida. Pasaron los años y cada vez más evidencias empíricas sostuvieron la existencia de efectos puramente cuánticos, validando esta teoría. La física cuántica se convirtió en una sólida rama de la ciencia, y los físicos comenzaron a diseñar escenarios en los que sus efectos pudieran proporcionar mejoras en comparación con sus alternativas clásicas. Este enfoque dio origen al campo de la información cuántica, donde las partículas cuánticas se manipulan para realizar tareas de información. Varios innovadores protocolos, como la teletransportación de estados cuánticos, la “codificación densa”, la criptografía y los algoritmos de factorización de enteros, demostraron el potencial de la física cuántica frente a estrategias clásicas. La formulación de protocolos cuánticos capaces de proporcionar considerables mejoras despertó un gran interés en el mundo académico y en las empresas privadas. No obstante, la implementación de protocolos cuánticos cada vez más complejos se convirtió en una tarea sustancialmente más difícil. De hecho, manipular una gran cantidad de partículas cuánticas con un nivel de ruido lo suficientemente pequeño como para obtener ventajas cuánticas es, incluso a día de hoy, un objetivo exigente. Las características puramente cuánticas vitales para obtener estas mejoras son frágiles al ruido que afecta los instrumentos experimentales. Por lo tanto, para acceder a todo el potencial subyacente a la teoría cuántica, la capacidad de manejar ambientes ruidosos resulta un objetivo fundamental. Esta tesis está dedicada al estudio de los sistemas cuánticos abiertos (SCA), es decir, aquellos en los que se tiene en cuenta la interacción entre el sis6 tema cuántico objeto y su ambiente circundante durante la evolución. De hecho, los sistemas aislados no pueden proporcionar descripciones realistas de la dinámica. Entender cómo explotar estos ambientes para obtener dinámicas menos agresivas con la información almacenada en nuestro SCA, es un objetivo primordial para conseguir ventajas cuánticas. Hay dos posibles regímenes dinámicos para la información codificada en un SCA. Decimos que una evolución es Markoviana cuando hay un flujo de información unidireccional desde el SCA al medio ambiente. Por contra, en el régimen no Markoviano se distinguen unos intervalos temporales en los que este flujo se invierte. En este caso, decimos que somos testigos de reflujos de información. Una caracterización basada en los diferentes tipos de cuantificadores de información que pueden considerarse en este contexto es fundamental para explotar estos fenómenos en escenarios de procesamiento de información. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es examinar el potencial de las medidas de correlación para mostrar reflujos cuando la dinámica es no Markoviana. Los tres primeros trabajos que exponemos están dedicados a este tema. En primer lugar, estudiamos los potenciales del entanglement entrelazamiento y la información mutua cuántica. Seguidamente presentamos la formulación de una medida de correlación capaz de presenciar casi todas las evoluciones no Markovianas. Por último, proponemos la primera relación de equivalencia entre los reflujos de correlación y la no Markovianidad. Concluimos proponiendo un punto de vista diferente bajo el cual podemos caracterizar las evoluciones de SCA. Cuantificamos la no Markovianidad a través de la mínima cantidad de ruido Markoviano que debe agregarse para tornar una evolución en Markoviana.