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Scientific Reports

Analytical solution of driven time-dependent mesoscopic circuits

Jinying Ma, Yazhuo Yao, Ronghai Liu, Fangcheng Qiu, Xiyuan Zhang, Zhanyuan Yan

Published Apr 2, 2026• 0 citations

Abstract

When a time-dependent harmonic system is further driven by an external source, it presents significant challenges to obtaining analytical solutions for the system. This paper applies the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant method to a mesoscopic time-dependent dissipative inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit with an external source. By constructing quantum invariant Hermitian operators and introducing auxiliary equations that can describe the effects of external sources and resistance, we analytically solve the Schrödinger equation of the system. Taking an alternating current (AC) voltage source as an example, we derive the generalized coherent states of a mesoscopic time-dependent RLC circuit with an external source, calculate the quantum fluctuations of charge and current, and obtain their corresponding uncertainty relations. The results indicate that the time-dependent inductance and resistance disrupt the minimum uncertainty relation of the Glauble coherent states in driven time-dependent mesoscopic RLC circuits. This research contributes to the establishment of a quantum theory for mesoscopic circuits.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-45828-z

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In this paper, we use Hermitian linear invariants and the Lewis and Riesenfeld invariant method to obtain the general solution of the Schrödinger equation for a mesoscopic RLC circuit with time-dependent resistance, inductance, capacitance and a power source and represent it in terms of an arbitrary weight function. In addition, we construct Gaussian wave packet solutions for this electromagnetic oscillation circuit and employ them to calculate the quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux as well as the associated uncertainty product. We also show that the width of the Gaussian packet and the fluctuations do not depend on the external power.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive quantum description of a mesoscopic RLC circuit with time-dependent resistance, inductance and capacitance. Based on the dynamical invariant method and using quadratic invariants, we derive exact nonstationary quantum states for this circuit and write them in terms of solutions of the Milne–Pinney equation. Afterwards, we use quadratic invariants to construct coherent states for this quantized system and employ them to investigate quantum properties of the RLC circuit. In particular, we show that the product of the quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux does not satisfy the minimum uncertainty relation.

We discuss the problem of a mesoscopic LC circuit with a negative inductance ruled by a time-dependent Hermitian Hamiltonian. Classically, we find unusual expressions for the Faraday’s law and for the inductance of a solenoid. Quantum mechanically, we solve exactly the time-dependent Schrödinger equation through the Lewis and Riesenfeld invariant operator method and construct Gaussian wave packet solutions for this time-dependent LC circuit. We also evaluate the expectation values of the charge and the magnetic flux in these Gaussian states, their quantum fluctuations and the corresponding uncertainty product.

The dynamical problem of a mesoscopic RLC circuit with a source ruled by a time-dependent Hermitian Hamiltonian is exactly solved by algebraic method. The dynamical variations of the charge and current in a mesoscopic RLC circuit with a dc or ac source are studied in detail. In particluar, we have shown that squeezed coherent states of light field can be generated in a mesoscopic RLC circuit driven by an external source, although their quantum statistical properties are not dependent of the external source.

In this work we present a quantum description of a mesoscopic RLC circuit without source. For this purpose, we model this system for that of a damped harmonic oscillator which is described by the Caldirola-Kanai Hamiltonian. Then, with the aid of the quantum invariant method we solve the Schrödinger equation associated with this Hamiltonian and write the corresponding wave functions in terms of a particular solution of the Milne-Pinney equation. We also construct coherent states for the RLC quantized, and evaluate the quantum fluctuations of the charge and the magnetic flux, as well as the corresponding product of uncertainty.

The quantum theory for mesoscopic electric LC circuits with charge discreteness is briefly described. We take into account a resistance element (R) as an environment of the discrete-charge mesoscopic quantum LC circuit which is modeled by a Hamiltonian consisting of oscillators with continuous range of frequencies. Using a minimal coupling method, we investigate the quantum dynamics of this system. Hereby, the persistent current on a quantum damped L-design under the external potential source is obtained. Then, we write Heisenberg equations for a driven mesoscopic quantum RLC circuit with a dissipative term proportional to Ohmic damping and obtain persistent current on such a mesoscopic electric circuit.