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Quantum Machine Intelligence

Quantum simulation of single-server Markovian queues: a dynamic amplification approach

Or Peretz, Michal Koren

Published Mar 30, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum computing is revolutionizing various fields, including operations research and queueing theory. This work presents a transformative quantum simulation framework that addresses the long-standing challenge of accurately modeling single-server Markovian queues, a fundamental problem in both quantum computing and stochastic modeling. Our approach introduces a dynamic amplitude amplification technique that leverages custom parameterized quantum gates to model Poisson arrivals and exponential service times in real time. The core innovation lies in the adaptive adjustment of these gate parameters, which selectively amplifies critical quantum states based on evolving queue conditions. This dynamic mechanism not only accelerates convergence towards theoretical predictions but also significantly reduces computational overhead compared to static quantum methods. Empirical evaluations demonstrate accuracy across diverse traffic scenarios, with relative errors dropping below 0.002 in high-traffic regimes. By effectively bridging the gap between classical queueing theory and quantum simulation, our method opens new avenues for leveraging quantum resources to tackle complex stochastic processes in operations research.

DOI
10.1007/s42484-026-00367-8

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Quantum computing is revolutionizing various fields, including operations research and queueing theory. This work presents a transformative quantum simulation framework that addresses the long-standing challenge of accurately modeling single-server Markovian queues, a fundamental problem in both quantum computing and stochastic modeling. Our approach introduces a dynamic amplitude amplification technique that leverages custom parameterized quantum gates to model Poisson arrivals and exponential service times in real time. The core innovation lies in the adaptive adjustment of these gate parameters, which selectively amplifies critical quantum states based on evolving queue conditions. This dynamic mechanism not only accelerates convergence towards theoretical predictions but also significantly reduces computational overhead compared to static quantum methods. Empirical evaluations demonstrate accuracy across diverse traffic scenarios, with relative errors dropping below 0.002 in high-traffic regimes. By effectively bridging the gap between classical queueing theory and quantum simulation, our method opens new avenues for leveraging quantum resources to tackle complex stochastic processes in operations research.
Quantum computing is revolutionizing various fields, including operations research and queueing theory. This study presents a quantum method for simulating single-server Markovian (M/M/1) queues, making quantum computing more accessible to researchers in operations research. We introduce a dynamic amplification approach that adapts to queue traffic, potentially improving simulation efficiency, and design custom-parameterized quantum gates for arrival and service processes. This flexible framework enables modeling of various queueing scenarios while bridging quantum computing and classical queueing theory. Notably, our quantum method shows potential advantages over classical simulations, particularly in high-traffic scenarios. This quantum simulation approach opens new possibilities for analyzing complex queueing systems, potentially outperforming classical methods in challenging scenarios and paving the way for quantum-enhanced operations research. The method was implemented and tested across low-, moderate-, and high-traffic scenarios, comparing quantum simulations with both theoretical formulas and classical simulations. Results demonstrate high agreement between quantum computations and theoretical predictions, with relative errors below 0.002 for effective arrival rates in high-traffic scenarios. As the number of qubits increases, we observe rapid convergence to theoretical values, with relative errors decreasing by up to two orders of magnitude in some cases. Sensitivity analysis reveals optimal parameter regions yielding errors lower than 0.001.
The convergence of quantum computing and classical service system modeling presents a transformative opportunity. This paper proposes the formalization of Quantum Queueing Theory (QQT), a novel framework for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing service systems where quantum processors act as servers, quantum algorithms constitute service tasks, and quantum communication channels facilitate arrivals and departures. We outline the fundamental challenges posed by quantum mechanics (superposition, entanglement, measurement, decoherence) to classical queueing paradigms. Key research directions include defining quantum analogues of arrival processes, service disciplines, and performance metrics (quantum fidelity, task success probability, decoherence-limited waiting time). We explore modeling approaches leveraging quantum stochastic processes, quantum walks, and modified Lindblad master equations. The paper details critical areas for future research: hybrid quantum-classical queueing networks, resource allocation under decoherence, stability analysis in the quantum regime, and the development of quantum-aware scheduling policies. QQT is poised to become essential for designing efficient and scalable quantum computing data centers, quantum cloud services, and integrated quantum-classical computing infrastructures.
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This paper introduces an innovative quantum simulation technique designed to address the challenges of simulating complex dynamical systems. Traditional simulation methods frequently suffer from limitations in accuracy and computational cost, particularly when dealing with intricate dynamics. This work proposes an adaptive quantum simulation framework centered around a neural network that dynamically adjusts simulation parameters based on observed system evolution. The core mechanism leverages a neural network to learn a mapping between simulation parameters and the system's dynamics, enabling the simulation to concentrate computational resources on areas of interest. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through simulations of a simplified, yet representative, dynamical system exhibiting key features of phase transitions and complex behavior. The results highlight the potential for significant improvements in simulation accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional methods, particularly in scenarios involving high dimensionality and non-linear dynamics. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and potential applications of this technology.
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