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IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology

Secure Performance of STAR-RIS Aided Networks With a Full-Duplex Active Eavesdropper

Ping Yang, Liang Yang, Weichao Kuang, Shanjin Wang

Published Jan 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Unlike prior works assuming perfect attack detection, this paper investigates the physical layer security of a simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) aided network under a full-duplex active eavesdropper in the more realistic scenario where its jamming remains undetected by the legitimate transmitter. Assuming Nakagami-m fading channels, we first derive the probability density functions (PDFs) of the signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs) at both the legitimate user and the eavesdropper. Then, using the PDFs, we obtain novel closed-form expressions for key secrecy metrics, including the probability of nonzero secrecy capacity (PNSC), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Moreover, the asymptotic PNSC, SOP, and ASC at high signal-to noise ratio (SNR) are also derived. Based on those asymptotic expressions, we present compact expressions for several key performance indicators: 1) the secrecy diversity order and the secrecy array gain of the SOP, and 2) the high SNR slope and the high SNR power offset of the ASC. Results demonstrate that, compared to the passive eavesdropper scheme, the active jamming attack carried out by Eve will not cause any loss in secrecy diversity gain and high SNR slope, but only result in the loss of secrecy array gain and high SNR power offset. Finally, we verify our analytical results via simulations.

DOI
10.1109/ojvt.2026.3677348

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Unlike prior works assuming perfect attack detection, this paper investigates the physical layer security of a simultaneous transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) aided network under a full-duplex active eavesdropper in the more realistic scenario where its jamming remains undetected by the legitimate transmitter. Assuming Nakagami-m fading channels, we first derive the probability density functions (PDFs) of the signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs) at both the legitimate user and the eavesdropper. Then, using the PDFs, we obtain novel closed-form expressions for key secrecy metrics, including the probability of nonzero secrecy capacity (PNSC), secrecy outage probability (SOP), and average secrecy capacity (ASC). Moreover, the asymptotic PNSC, SOP, and ASC at high signal-to noise ratio (SNR) are also derived. Based on those asymptotic expressions, we present compact expressions for several key performance indicators: 1) the secrecy diversity order and the secrecy array gain of the SOP, and 2) the high SNR slope and the high SNR power offset of the ASC. Results demonstrate that, compared to the passive eavesdropper scheme, the active jamming attack carried out by Eve will not cause any loss in secrecy diversity gain and high SNR slope, but only result in the loss of secrecy array gain and high SNR power offset. Finally, we verify our analytical results via simulations.
In this article, the physical layer security (PLS) is investigated for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided wireless communication systems, where one RIS is deployed to assist the communications between a pair of transmitter (Alice) and receiver (Bob), under a passive eavesdropper (Eve) attack. For the Eve, different from the bounded channel state information uncertainty model, the distribution of the Eve’s location is introduced into the wiretap link. In the proposed system, considering that the Eve can overhear signals transmitted from Alice or reflected by the RIS, two scenarios are studied for RIS-aided secure communication systems: one is that the Eve distributes close to Alice without the RIS orientation, and the other is that the Eve locates close to Bob and in the presence of the RIS. After investigating the probability distribution functions of the Eve’s location and the wiretap link, the novel cumulative density functions (CDFs) of the received signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at the Eves are, respectively, derived for the two considered scenarios, taking into account the effects of RIS reflection coefficients, pathloss, and Eve’s location distribution. The closed-form expressions for the probability of the nonzero secrecy capacity and the ergodic secrecy capacity are obtained, providing insights into the impact of the Eve’s location uncertainty and the RIS design on the secrecy performance. Moreover, based on the derived CDFs for received SNRs at Eves, the secrecy outage probabilities are, respectively, analyzed. Specifically, under the constraint of the secrecy outage probability, the closed forms of the minimum required SNRs at Bob and the number of RIS elements are also obtained. Simulation and analytical results corroborate the derived expressions and reveal the tradeoff between the system’s energy efficiency and the number of RIS elements.
This paper evaluates the physical layer security performance of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) enabled wireless network in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. To secure the information transmission, a cooperative jammer is proposed to generate interference signal that degrade the performance of the eavesdropper. The source-to-RIS and RIS-to-destination links are subjected to Rician and Rayliegh fading distributions with phase errors, respectively, while other transmission links in the network follow the Nakagami-m fading distributions. The system phase error of the RIS is estimated by the von Mises distribution. To quantify the secrecy performance of the concerned system, the exact closed-form expressions in terms of connection outage probability (COP), security outage probability (SOP), and secrecy throughput (ST) are derived. In addition, the asymptotic expression of the system COP is obtained at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), providing more insight about the system performance. The accuracy of the derived expression is justified by Monte Carlo simulation. Also, the results clarify the analysis of the security performance, taking into account the impact of system and channel parameters on the system.
This paper describes the enhancement of physicallayer security in Rayleigh fading channels through the deployment of the best reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). The system model under consideration includes one legitimate receiver and one eavesdropper, both operating over Rayleigh fading channels. The effect of key system parameters, such as the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the eavesdropper, the quality of the reflecting elements at the RIS, and the number of available RISs, is thoroughly examined. To evaluate the secrecy performance of the system, closed-form analytical results for the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNSC) and the secure outage probability (SOP) are derived. The numerical results demonstrate that the deployment of RIS significantly improves both PNSC and SOP, thereby providing valuable insights for future research and potential real-world applications.
RIS Enabled Secure Multicast Communication in Fisher-Snedecor F\mathcal{F}F Fading Channels Attacked by Multiple Eavesdroppers
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent a transformative technology capable of intelligently reconfiguring wireless environments through controllable passive elements. This paper presents a comprehensive secrecy performance analysis of RIS-assisted multicast systems over Fisher-SnedecorF\mathcal{F}Ffading channels, which realistically capture both multipath fading and shadowing. Unlike prior studies focusing on unicast or simplified fading, a multicast scenario with multiple eavesdroppers is considered. Analytical expressions for the ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC), probability of non-zero secrecy capacity (PNSC), and secure outage probability (SOP) are derived by modeling the minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) among legitimate users and the maximum SNR among eavesdroppers. Analytical results are verified via Monte-Carlo simulations, showing excellent agreement. Numerical findings reveal that increasing the number of RIS elements and improving main channel conditions significantly boost secrecy performance, while larger multicast groups, stronger eavesdropper channels, and harsher fading degrade it. The proposed framework provides practical design aspects for secure RIS-assisted multicast systems in next-generation IoT and 6G networks.
The full-space capability of the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) provides an intelligent radio environment for information transmissions. This paper investigates the RIS-assisted secure transmissions in the presence of multiple eavesdroppers (Eves), where the colluding and the non-colluding behaviors of Eves are considered. We first propose a tractable Gamma distribution to characterize the distributions of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under the Rayleigh, the Rice and the Nakagami-m channels. Then we derive the theoretical expressions of the average security capacity (ASC) for colluding and non-colluding eavesdroppers. Besides, the asymptotic expressions of the ASC are also obtained when the SNRs are large in practical scenarios. The simulation results demonstrate that the RIS is capable of reducing the negative impact of the increase in the number of eavesdroppers on the security performance by deploying more RIS elements in both colluding and non-colluding eavesdroppers.
This publication was made possible by NPRP grant #10-0102-170094 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. In this paper, we investigate the physical layer security of a wireless communication with a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and a full-duplex (FD) legitimate receiver over Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of an eavesdropper. In addition, we examine the scenario where the FD receiver is sending a jamming signal while receiving the required message to confuse the eavesdropper. We derive closed form expressions of the intercept probability of two scenarios with and without jamming signal and we also use the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) metric to gain more insight on the security of our proposed system. To illustrate the analytical analysis, numerical results are provided under different network parameters to study the effect of RIS and jamming technique on the security of FD receiver.