Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron without QED

Lino Zamboni

Published Mar 23, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In 1965, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the modern formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) to R.P. Feynman for his diagrammatic method, J. Schwinger for the operator method, and S.-I. Tomonaga for his relativistic derivation. Subsequently, P. Kusch performed a precise measurement of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment, providing a critical test validating QED's computational methods, which proved to be extremely accurate. Nevertheless, QED is based on a physically unrealistic assumption—mathematically circumvented—that the electron is a dimensionless point particle endowed with physical properties "ex abrupto." This work, developed within a deterministic and non-local dBBZ (modified de Broglie–Bohm) theory, models the electron as an entangled and distributed structure, as proposed in previous studies. It enables the calculation of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment as a consequence of its intrinsic structure, without employing QED techniques. The method involves calculating, for each orbital, the anomalous moment modified to account for the influence of existing magnetic fields. Subsequently, entanglement is imposed on the sum of these moments, and from the total orbital anomalous moment thus obtained, the theoretical magnetic anomaly is derived and compared with the corresponding experimental value, yielding relative errors on the order of 10^-10. This procedure, which allows for greater theoretical precision , need a similar , albeit more complex, calculation of the muon's and tau anomalous magnetic moment. This is because a specific parameter, termed the "source parameter," selected within an allowable range requires , at least , dual verification to be adopted with high precision. The theoretical determination of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment is also presented in a subsequent document, employing analogous computational procedures.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.19181913

Related papers

Entangled Electron for New Quantum Mechanics Part 1

Lino Zamboni

This work advances the theoretical framework of the electron model introduced in a previous paper (viXra: 2411.0050 -Quantum Physics) , which describes the electron as composed of entangled mass elements . This model proposes an extension of the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) paradigm , achieving compatibility with Special Relativity . Explicit expressions for 𝑍 and 𝑍𝐶 are derived , describing the sequence of orbitals and their associated masses , along with a detailed analysis of their physical significance . An innovative interpretation of spin and magnetic moment is presented , viewing them as invariant properties across orbitals , despite variations in the associated parameters . This perspective provides a potential explanation for the experimentally observed phenomenon of spatial spin separation from its particle . Additionally , the Appendix includes applications of the 𝑀𝑍 matrix—a conceptual tool integral to the proposed formalism—for estimating particle masses, specifically those of the muon and tauon, with notable accuracy. This work represents the second part of a trilogy. A forthcoming extension will focus on the characteristics of orbitals, with particular emphasis on the definition of attractive and repulsive potentials and the associated Hamiltonian, thereby completing the theoretical framework.

•Mar 18, 2026•0 citations

The anomalous electron magnetic moment and Lamb shift in the new approach in quantum electrodynamics

V. A. Golovko

In a previous paper by the author a new approach in quantum electrodynamics was proposed in which the electronic and electromagnetic fields are ordinary c-numbers in contradistinction to noncommuting q-numbers used in the standard formulation of quantum electrodynamics. The factual development of standard quantum electrodynamics began when the anomalous correction to the electron magnetic moment and the Lamb shift were calculated and the calculations were confirmed by experiment. It is demonstrated in the present paper how the anomalous electron magnetic moment and Lamb shift can be obtained in the new approach in quantum electrodynamics.

arXiv:2305.07441•May 11, 2023•0 citations

Quantum Calculations of the Cavity Shift in Electron Magnetic Moment Measurements

Hannah Day, Roni Harnik, Yonatan Kahn +2 more

The measurement of the anomalous electron magnetic moment $g-2$ through quantum transitions of a single trapped electron is the most stringent test of quantum field theory. These experiments are now so precise that they must account for the effects of the cavity containing the electron. Classical calculations of this "cavity shift" must subtract the electron's divergent self-field, and thus require knowledge of the exact Green's function for the cavity's electromagnetic field. We perform the first fully quantum calculation of the cavity shift in a closed cavity, which instead involves subtracting linearly divergent cavity mode sums and integrals. Using contour integration methods, we find perfect agreement with existing classical results for both spherical and cylindrical cavities, justifying their current use. Moreover, our mode-based results can be naturally generalized to account for systematic effects, necessary to push future measurements to the next order of magnitude in precision.

hep-phCross-listedarXiv:2511.07514•Nov 12, 2025

Relational Retrocausal Quantum Mechanics: Exact Reproduction of QED Cross Sections and calculation of the electron Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Ahmed Albezawi

We present a complete analysis of Relational Retrocausal Quantum Mechan?ics (RRQM), a spectral-wavefunction framework in which mass is treated as anoperator and retrocausal correlations are intrinsic. We demonstrate that RRQMexactly reproduces all standard QED scattering cross sections for electron-electronand electron-photon interactions, including the full relativistic dependence, with?out invoking second quantization or renormalization. Furthermore, we show thatthe anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and muon emerges naturally fromthe spectral structure and global correlation of the universal wavefunction. The g-2 shift arises from the interplay of the mass operator’s spectral width, photon propagator structure, and retrocausal correlations, yielding a finite, experimentallycorrect value. This work establishes RRQM as a structurally complete, finite, andempirically accurate framework for quantum electrodynamics, offering a conceptu?ally superior alternative to standard QFT approaches.

•Feb 22, 2026•0 citations

The QED-physical theory of electron spin and quantum entanglement

James H. Wilson

The QED-Physical (QED-P) theory described in four previous papers [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); 29, 402 (2016); 31, 59 (2018); 34, 17 (2021)] is combined with QED into a single theory in this paper, since both are based on the same Dirac Equation four current c(α,I). QED couples this four-vector with an external electromagnetic (EM) field and uses covariant perturbation theory to produce results that are very accurate computationally [M. L. Eides et al., Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)], except for the electron self-energy, which is infinite. The reason for QED’s accuracy is its Dirac equation velocity operator, cα, with highly unusual properties compared to classical velocity vectors. QED could not produce highly accurate answers without the 4 × 4 complex matrix cα as the electron “velocity operator.” QED-P starts with the same Dirac Equation four current used so successfully in QED, and the discrete internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCOs) are derived in QED-P to give the electron internal structure a very specific, but highly, nonclassical geometric description with no ad hoc assumptions. The QED/QED-physical (QED-P) unification theorem is stated and proved in Sec. VII. However, one should ask what new physical measurements are predicted by QED-P that are not determined by the very accurate QED? The answer is none yet, due to the very rapid fluctuation of the ISaTCOs with a period of ∼6.4 × 10−22 s. This induced electron field fluctuation is in addition to any vacuum fluctuation that exists without the electron field present. This paper presents a highly speculative, but testable, experiment, in which the ISaTCO rapid fluctuations may be confirmed indirectly as the physical basis of field quantum entanglement (QE). The electron’s ISaTCO produce a digital internal clock that’s locked out of phase with its entangled positron, and they communicate spin states at the phase speed of 2c2/vCoM. The communication of spin state information is instantaneous for vCoM = 0 but “slows down” to 4c at vCoM = 0.5c, still very fast.

Physics Essays•Mar 18, 2022•5 citations

The Stueckelberg wave equation and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron

Aaron Bennett

The parametrized relativistic quantum mechanics of Stueckelberg (1942 Helv. Phys. Acta 15 23) represents time as an operator, and has been shown elsewhere to yield the recently observed phenomena of quantum interference in time, quantum diffraction in time and quantum entanglement in time. The Stueckelberg wave equation as extended to a spin-1/2 particle by Horwitz and Arshansky (1982 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 15 L659) is shown here to yield the electron g -factor g = 2 (1 + α/2π), to leading order in the renormalized fine structure constant α, in agreement with the quantum electrodynamics of Schwinger (1948 Phys. Rev. 73 416).

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Jun 26, 2012•4 citations
In 1965, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the modern formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) to R.P. Feynman for his diagrammatic method, J. Schwinger for the operator method, and S.-I. Tomonaga for his relativistic derivation. Subsequently, P. Kusch performed a precise measurement of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment, providing a critical test validating QED's computational methods, which proved to be extremely accurate. Nevertheless, QED is based on a physically unrealistic assumption—mathematically circumvented—that the electron is a dimensionless point particle endowed with physical properties "ex abrupto." This work, developed within a deterministic and non-local dBBZ (modified de Broglie–Bohm) theory, models the electron as an entangled and distributed structure, as proposed in previous studies. It enables the calculation of the electron's anomalous magnetic moment as a consequence of its intrinsic structure, without employing QED techniques. The method involves calculating, for each orbital, the anomalous moment modified to account for the influence of existing magnetic fields. Subsequently, entanglement is imposed on the sum of these moments, and from the total orbital anomalous moment thus obtained, the theoretical magnetic anomaly is derived and compared with the corresponding experimental value, yielding relative errors on the order of 10^-10. This procedure, which allows for greater theoretical precision , need a similar , albeit more complex, calculation of the muon's and tau anomalous magnetic moment. This is because a specific parameter, termed the "source parameter," selected within an allowable range requires , at least , dual verification to be adopted with high precision. The theoretical determination of the muon's anomalous magnetic moment is also presented in a subsequent document, employing analogous computational procedures.
This work advances the theoretical framework of the electron model introduced in a previous paper (viXra: 2411.0050 -Quantum Physics) , which describes the electron as composed of entangled mass elements . This model proposes an extension of the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) paradigm , achieving compatibility with Special Relativity . Explicit expressions for 𝑍 and 𝑍𝐶 are derived , describing the sequence of orbitals and their associated masses , along with a detailed analysis of their physical significance . An innovative interpretation of spin and magnetic moment is presented , viewing them as invariant properties across orbitals , despite variations in the associated parameters . This perspective provides a potential explanation for the experimentally observed phenomenon of spatial spin separation from its particle . Additionally , the Appendix includes applications of the 𝑀𝑍 matrix—a conceptual tool integral to the proposed formalism—for estimating particle masses, specifically those of the muon and tauon, with notable accuracy. This work represents the second part of a trilogy. A forthcoming extension will focus on the characteristics of orbitals, with particular emphasis on the definition of attractive and repulsive potentials and the associated Hamiltonian, thereby completing the theoretical framework.
In a previous paper by the author a new approach in quantum electrodynamics was proposed in which the electronic and electromagnetic fields are ordinary c-numbers in contradistinction to noncommuting q-numbers used in the standard formulation of quantum electrodynamics. The factual development of standard quantum electrodynamics began when the anomalous correction to the electron magnetic moment and the Lamb shift were calculated and the calculations were confirmed by experiment. It is demonstrated in the present paper how the anomalous electron magnetic moment and Lamb shift can be obtained in the new approach in quantum electrodynamics.
The measurement of the anomalous electron magnetic moment g−2g-2g−2 through quantum transitions of a single trapped electron is the most stringent test of quantum field theory. These experiments are now so precise that they must account for the effects of the cavity containing the electron. Classical calculations of this "cavity shift" must subtract the electron's divergent self-field, and thus require knowledge of the exact Green's function for the cavity's electromagnetic field. We perform the first fully quantum calculation of the cavity shift in a closed cavity, which instead involves subtracting linearly divergent cavity mode sums and integrals. Using contour integration methods, we find perfect agreement with existing classical results for both spherical and cylindrical cavities, justifying their current use. Moreover, our mode-based results can be naturally generalized to account for systematic effects, necessary to push future measurements to the next order of magnitude in precision.
We present a complete analysis of Relational Retrocausal Quantum Mechan?ics (RRQM), a spectral-wavefunction framework in which mass is treated as anoperator and retrocausal correlations are intrinsic. We demonstrate that RRQMexactly reproduces all standard QED scattering cross sections for electron-electronand electron-photon interactions, including the full relativistic dependence, with?out invoking second quantization or renormalization. Furthermore, we show thatthe anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and muon emerges naturally fromthe spectral structure and global correlation of the universal wavefunction. The g-2 shift arises from the interplay of the mass operator’s spectral width, photon propagator structure, and retrocausal correlations, yielding a finite, experimentallycorrect value. This work establishes RRQM as a structurally complete, finite, andempirically accurate framework for quantum electrodynamics, offering a conceptu?ally superior alternative to standard QFT approaches.
The QED-Physical (QED-P) theory described in four previous papers [J. H. Wilson, Phys. Essays 28, 1 (2015); 29, 402 (2016); 31, 59 (2018); 34, 17 (2021)] is combined with QED into a single theory in this paper, since both are based on the same Dirac Equation four current c(α,I). QED couples this four-vector with an external electromagnetic (EM) field and uses covariant perturbation theory to produce results that are very accurate computationally [M. L. Eides et al., Phys. Rep. 342, 63 (2001)], except for the electron self-energy, which is infinite. The reason for QED’s accuracy is its Dirac equation velocity operator, cα, with highly unusual properties compared to classical velocity vectors. QED could not produce highly accurate answers without the 4 × 4 complex matrix cα as the electron “velocity operator.” QED-P starts with the same Dirac Equation four current used so successfully in QED, and the discrete internal spatial and time coordinate operators (ISaTCOs) are derived in QED-P to give the electron internal structure a very specific, but highly, nonclassical geometric description with no ad hoc assumptions. The QED/QED-physical (QED-P) unification theorem is stated and proved in Sec. VII. However, one should ask what new physical measurements are predicted by QED-P that are not determined by the very accurate QED? The answer is none yet, due to the very rapid fluctuation of the ISaTCOs with a period of ∼6.4 × 10−22 s. This induced electron field fluctuation is in addition to any vacuum fluctuation that exists without the electron field present. This paper presents a highly speculative, but testable, experiment, in which the ISaTCO rapid fluctuations may be confirmed indirectly as the physical basis of field quantum entanglement (QE). The electron’s ISaTCO produce a digital internal clock that’s locked out of phase with its entangled positron, and they communicate spin states at the phase speed of 2c2/vCoM. The communication of spin state information is instantaneous for vCoM = 0 but “slows down” to 4c at vCoM = 0.5c, still very fast.
The parametrized relativistic quantum mechanics of Stueckelberg (1942 Helv. Phys. Acta 15 23) represents time as an operator, and has been shown elsewhere to yield the recently observed phenomena of quantum interference in time, quantum diffraction in time and quantum entanglement in time. The Stueckelberg wave equation as extended to a spin-1/2 particle by Horwitz and Arshansky (1982 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 15 L659) is shown here to yield the electron g -factor g = 2 (1 + α/2π), to leading order in the renormalized fine structure constant α, in agreement with the quantum electrodynamics of Schwinger (1948 Phys. Rev. 73 416).