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Physica Scripta

Phase-dependent photon emission rates in quantum gravity-induced entangled states

zhang chi

Published Mar 20, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Quantum entanglement, as one of the fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, has garnered significant attention over the past few decades for its extraordinary nonlocality. With the advancement of quantum technology, quantum entanglement holds promising applications for exploring fundamental physical theories. The experimental scheme of Quantum Gravity Induced Entanglement of Masses (QGEM) was proposed to investigate the quantum effects of gravity based on the Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC) theory. In this study, we analyze the quantum properties of the entangled final states generated in the QGEM scheme. Our findings reveal that the photon emission rates (transition rates) are closely related to the degree of entanglement. Specifically, the transition rate decreases as the degree of entanglement increases when the particle separation is small, then it gradually approaches an asymptotic value that is independent of entanglement as the distance increases. We then discuss the possibility of using photon emission rates to detect quantum entanglement leveraging these results.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ae557b

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Abstract Quantum entanglement, as one of the fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, has garnered significant attention over the past few decades for its extraordinary nonlocality. With the advancement of quantum technology, quantum entanglement holds promising applications for exploring fundamental physical theories. The experimental scheme of Quantum Gravity Induced Entanglement of Masses (QGEM) was proposed to investigate the quantum effects of gravity based on the Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC) theory. In this study, we analyze the quantum properties of the entangled final states generated in the QGEM scheme. Our findings reveal that the photon emission rates (transition rates) are closely related to the degree of entanglement. Specifically, the transition rate decreases as the degree of entanglement increases when the particle separation is small, then it gradually approaches an asymptotic value that is independent of entanglement as the distance increases. We then discuss the possibility of using photon emission rates to detect quantum entanglement leveraging these results.
Quantum entanglement, as one of the fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, has garnered significant attention over the past few decades for its extraordinary nonlocality. With the advancement of quantum technology, quantum entanglement holds promising application for exploring fundamental physical theories. The experimental scheme of Quantum Gravity Induced Entanglement of Masses (QGEM) was proposed to investigate the quantum effects of gravity based on the Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC) theory. In this study, we analyze the quantum properties of the entangled final states generated in the QGEM scheme. Our findings reveal that the photon emission rates (transition rates) are closely related to the degree of entanglement. Specifically, the transition rate decreases as the degree of entanglement increases when the distance between particle pairs is small, then it gradually approaches an asymptotic value that is independent of entanglement as the distance increases. We then discuss the possibility of using photon emission rates to detect quantum entanglement with these results.
We investigate the generation rate of quantum gravity induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) in setups with multiple quantum massive particles, among which only the gravity interaction due to the Newton potential is taken into account. When the distance between any two adjacent Stern-Gerlach devices is fixed, we consider all the possible configurations of the setup with the same number of particles. In particular, we systemically analyze the case of particle number n=4n=4n=4 and find that the prism setup with a massive particle at the center is the most efficient setup for the entanglement generation. This result can be extended to a system with multiple particles up to seven, where the entanglement efficiency is also enhanced in comparison with the setup with fewer particles. This work provides the strategy to construct the quantum gravity induced entanglement of masses setup with the best generation rate of entanglement.
In the context of the QGEM (Quantum Gravity-induced Entanglement of Masses) experiment, we consider two adjacent matter-wave interferometers in linear and parallel configurations that interact solely via gravity. If gravity were quantum, then the two matter-wave interferometers would become entangled via the virtual excitation of the massless graviton. In this paper, we consider witnessing this entanglement by considering a generic experimental scenario where the two interferometers are subject to different global phases and different decoherence rates. In this context, we show that the individual global phases do not affect the witness, discuss common and differential decoherence modes, and perform the parameter search optimal for different masses. We provide a mathematical framework for these asymmetric decoherence rates and then search for parameters that determine the entanglement witness. We have kept the inter-separation distance between the two closest superpositions of the interferometers' masses fixed while varying the experimental time from τ=0.1τ=0.1τ=0.1 s to τ=1τ=1τ=1 s. Finishing the experiment at $ τ=0.1$ s has many advantages from the point of view of protecting the experiment from random acceleration noise. However, witnessing the entanglement also suffers from ⟨W⟩∼−O(10−2)\langle W\rangle \sim -{\cal O}(10^{-2})⟨W⟩∼−O(10−2) for m=10−14m=10^{-14}m=10−14~kg, for decoherence rate in the ranges of O(10−1−1){\cal O}(10^{-1}-1)O(10−1−1)~Hz for τ=0.1τ=0.1τ=0.1 s experiment. However, as we show, increasing the mass of the matter-wave interferometer may improve the witness considerably.
The recently introduced quantum gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) protocol aims to test the quantum nature of gravity by witnessing the entanglement produced by the virtual exchange of a graviton between two spatially superposed masses. Shortly after the original proposal, further improvements upon the experiment were suggested, including the addition of a third mass, showing that three-qubit setups can be more resilient to higher rates of decoherence caused by the interaction of the system with the environment. In this work, we investigate the type of tripartite entanglement generated in these three-qubit QGEM experiments when considering the effects of decoherence. We show that the gravitational interaction between the qubits is able to generate genuine tripartite entanglement between them, studying the corresponding parameter spaces and comparing the performance of the possible experimental configurations of the three qubits at allowing for the detection of genuine entanglement via an entanglement witness.
In recent years, the quantum nature of gravity has attracted significant attention as one of the most important problems in modern physics. Here, we analyze the mechanism of gravitationally-induced entanglement from the perspective of quantum resource theory. Building on the framework of Bose et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 240401 (2017)], we show that the gravitational interaction acts as a unitary channel, redistributing quantum resources between two spatially superposed masses. Specifically, we demonstrate that the resulting bipartite entanglement originates from the coherent conversion of local quantum coherence -- initially present in each subsystem -- into shared non-local correlations. We derive exact, analytical complementarity relations quantifying this conversion, link the decay of local coherence directly to the growth of entanglement, and support these findings with numerical simulations. Our results clarify the underlying mechanism and establish gravity as a coherence-to-entanglement conversion channel, offering a refined interpretive basis for forthcoming experimental tests. Crucially, we show that initial coherence is a necessary condition for entanglement generation and that its degree bounds the maximum achievable entanglement, with maximal entanglement requiring initial maximal coherence.
Recently, a theoretical and an experimental protocol known as quantum-gravity-induced entanglement of masses (QGEM) has been proposed to test the quantum nature of gravity using two mesoscopic masses, each placed in a superposition of two locations. If after eliminating all nongravitational interactions between them the particles become entangled, one can conclude that the gravitational potential is induced via a quantum mediator, i.e., graviton. In this paper we explore extensions of the QGEM experiment to multidimensional quantum objects and examine a range of different experiment geometries, in order to determine which would generate entanglement faster. We conclude that when a sufficiently high decoherence rate is introduced, multicomponent superpositions can outperform the two-qubit setup. With low decoherence however, and given a maximum distance $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}x$ between any two spatial states of a superposition, a set of two qubits placed in spatial superposition parallel to one another will outperform all other models given realistic experimental parameters. This is further verified with an experiment simulation, showing that O(103)O({10}^{3})O(103) measurements are required to reject the no-entanglement hypothesis with a parallel-qubit setup without decoherence at a 99.999.9%99.9 confidence level. The number of measurements increases when decoherence is introduced. When the decoherence rate reaches 0.125 Hz, six-dimensional qudits are required as the two-qubit system entanglement cannot be witnessed anymore. However, in this case, O(106)O({10}^{6})O(106) measurements will be required. One can group the witness operators to measure in order to reduce the number of measurements (up to tenfold). However, this may be challenging to implement experimentally.