We give a short overview of quantum algorithms. Some famous algorithms such as Deutsch-Jozsa and Simon are covered with more details. The directions for further development are addressed,
This presentation gives a comprehensive overview of quantum query algorithms, beginning with an introduction to the query model of computation where input is accessed via an oracle function. It then details several foundational quantum algorithms that demonstrate a quantum advantage over classical approaches: Deutsch's problem is solved with a single query using phase kickback to determine if a function is constant or balanced; the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm extends this to n-bit inputs, efficiently distinguishing constant from balanced functions with one query versus an exponential need classically; the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm identifies a hidden string with one query, outperforming classical linear requirements; and Simon's algorithm, which finds a hidden period in a two-to-one function with a linear number of queries, showcases an exponential speedup over the best classical probabilistic algorithms.
A long-standing aim of quantum information research is to understand what gives quantum computers their advantage. This requires separating problems that need genuinely quantum resources from those for which classical resources are enough. Two examples of quantum speed-up are the Deutsch–Jozsa and Simon’s problem, both efficiently solvable on a quantum Turing machine, and both believed to lack efficient classical solutions. Here we present a framework that can simulate both quantum algorithms efficiently, solving the Deutsch–Jozsa problem with probability 1 using only one oracle query, and Simon’s problem using linearly many oracle queries, just as expected of an ideal quantum computer. The presented simulation framework is in turn efficiently simulatable in a classical probabilistic Turing machine. This shows that the Deutsch–Jozsa and Simon’s problem do not require any genuinely quantum resources, and that the quantum algorithms show no speed-up when compared with their corresponding classical simulation. Finally, this gives insight into what properties are needed in the two algorithms and calls for further study of oracle separation between quantum and classical computation.