Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Structural Compatibility II: Recurrent Compact Internal Symmetry and the Emergence of Complex Projective Kinematics

Alexandre Ramakers

Published Mar 18, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This preprint develops the second step of the Structural Compatibility series. Starting from the affine persistence framework established in Structural Compatibility I, it examines the consequences of recurrent compact internal symmetry acting within an admissible persistence regime. The article shows that recurrent internal affine flows have compact closure, and that under a rank-one assumption the connected compact internal symmetry reduces to a circle. After fixed-point reduction and linearization, this symmetry acts on the underlying real state space through orthogonal rotation sectors. On the rotational sector, the action induces a canonical complex structure, an invariant Hermitian comparison form, and a unitary realization of the internal symmetry. Under an additional phase-uniformity assumption, the circle action becomes a genuine global phase acting on the whole state space. This makes it possible to pass to the associated complex projective state space, which then inherits the standard Fubini–Study Kähler geometry. The scope of the result is strictly kinematical. No probabilistic axiom, measurement postulate, or dynamical equation is assumed. The paper does not derive full quantum theory, but identifies a structural route from an affine real persistence regime to the minimal complex-projective kinematical architecture usually taken as one of the starting points of quantum formalism. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.

DOI
10.5281/zenodo.19081799

Related papers

Structural Compatibility III: Structural Observables in the Complex Persistence Regime

Alexandre Ramakers

Structural Compatibility III develops the third step of the Structural Compatibility series. Starting from the complex Hermitian-projective persistence regime obtained in Structural Compatibility II, it identifies the minimal operatorial layer admissible within that setting. The article shows that the infinitesimal internal generators compatible with the inherited Hermitian comparison structure are exactly the Hermitian endomorphisms of the finite-dimensional complex state space. These are introduced as structural observables, understood not as primitive measurement objects but as generators of one-parameter unitary internal flows. From this identification, the paper develops the corresponding spectral architecture. Every structural observable admits a decomposition into orthogonal invariant sectors, together with a complete family of spectral projectors. These projectors induce canonical projective weights on ray space, measuring the relative Hermitian contribution of a ray to each spectral sector. The analysis is then extended to compatible families of observables, yielding joint spectral sectors and multiparameter unitary actions generated by commuting Hermitian operators. A final optional layer shows how this operatorial framework may be coupled to additional ray-level coherence and horizon descriptors coming from the broader finite-horizon maintenance programme. When these descriptors are invariant under a given unitary action, the observable scalar associated with that action extends to a conserved maintenance-compatible quantity. The scope of the result remains strictly kinematical and operatorial. No Born rule, no measurement postulate, no collapse dynamics, and no distinguished physical Hamiltonian are assumed. The paper does not derive a complete physical theory of observables, but isolates the minimal Hermitian-projective operatorial architecture structurally available once the complex persistence regime has been established. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.

•Mar 22, 2026•0 citations

Structural Compatibility I: Linearity as a Rigidity Normal Form on the Persistence Leaf under Finite-Horizon Admissibility

Alexandre Ramakers

This article initiates the Structural Compatibility series within the broader finite-horizon programme. It investigates the structural conditions under which aggregation on a normalized persistence leaf admits a linear normal form. Starting from finite-horizon persistence as a minimal admissibility condition for identifiable regimes, the paper introduces maintainability under perturbations and combinability as structural requirements for internal reorganization. It then restricts attention to an enriched branch in which the normalized persistence leaf is assumed to admit an affine model of internal reorganization. Within this explicitly selected affine setting, the main result is a conditional rigidity theorem: under affine-leaf regularity, scale invariance, and a global bi-affine regularity hypothesis, any admissible aggregation law on the persistence leaf reduces to a linear normal form in affine coordinates. The paper does not claim to derive the full quantum formalism. Rather, it isolates a minimal linear backbone that may underlie richer realizations. Standard quantum theory is therefore discussed only as a compatible enriched realization built on top of this structural pattern, not as a result derived in full. The transition from weaker infinitesimal compatibility conditions to global bi-affinity is identified as the main open integration problem. In this sense, the article should be read as a foundational structural preprint and as the entry point of an enriched branch developed further in the subsequent papers of the series.

•Mar 10, 2026•0 citations

Finite–Resolution Physics and the Emergence of Internal Symmetry: Algebraic SILM, Boundary Architecture, and Scale–Dependent Gauge Structure

Treppiedi, Attilio

Framework position. This paper is a foundational contribution to the internal-symmetry branch of the Closure–Stabilization Framework. It identifies internal symmetry with the stabilizer of a Simultaneously Interlocked Boundary structure (SIB) on an already represented sector. In linear dualizable realizations, the SIB is represented by its annihilator Kμ⊥, recovering the earlier SILM formulation as a special case. The paper therefore places internal symmetry downstream of stabilization, representation, and boundary compatibility, while keeping projective/spinorial external representation sectors conceptually distinct from the internal symmetry acting on their multiplicity or species degrees of freedom. This manuscript develops the internal-symmetry layer of Finite-Resolution Physics (FRP). In FRP, mathematical representation is taken to arise only after operational closure relations stabilize under refinement. The paper asks where internal symmetry enters this architecture and what determines its admissible form. The central claim is that, on a stabilized finite-resolution plateau, admissible representation channels must satisfy joint boundary-coherence constraints across finite-resolution interfaces. These constraints define a finite-dimensional boundary constraint space. The dual annihilator of this space is identified as the algebraic space of Simultaneously Interlocked Lagrange Multipliers, or SILMs. The physical internal symmetry group is then defined as the stabilizer of the SILM space inside the group of finite-resolution-preserving unitary automorphisms that commute with the external carrier action. Thus internal symmetry is not introduced as a primitive kinematical input, nor as an arbitrary gauge group. It is a plateau-relative stabilizer of finite-resolution boundary coherence. The paper also explains how symmetry plateaux correspond to refinement ranges over which the SILM space is canonically identified, while symmetry transitions correspond to changes in the SILM structure. In the finite-dimensional Hermitian case, the resulting stabilizers reduce to products of unitary groups determined by SILM multiplicity data. A simple three-plus-two-plus-one example is discussed as an illustration of the stabilizer mechanism. The paper does not derive the Standard Model gauge group. Rather, it identifies the structural position that any Standard-Model-like internal symmetry would occupy within the FRP architecture: a compact internal stabilizer plateau compatible with a real-carrier, quantum-field-theory-like external structure.

•Jan 23, 2025•0 citations

Structural Compatibility IV: Maintenance Breakdown, Adaptive Thresholds, and Spectral Filtering

Alexandre Ramakers

Structural Compatibility IV develops the fourth step of the Structural Compatibility series, explicitly on the basis of the broader Finite-Horizon Structures I–VI framework. Starting from the Hermitian-projective operatorial regime established in the preceding Structural Compatibility articles, it addresses the first major question left open at the end of Structural Compatibility III: what becomes of that operatorial regime when the supplementary maintenance conditions cease to remain admissible. The article introduces an explicit notion of stable maintenance regime and defines maintenance breakdown as a loss of admissible continuation within that regime. It shows that such breakdown should be understood not as annihilation of the state and not as a primitive collapse postulate, but as a regime transition: a previously admissible structural setting reaches a boundary beyond which the same maintenance-compatible description can no longer be sustained. To make this transition analyzable, the paper develops a threshold structure through a stability margin and shows that threshold crossing cannot, in general, be produced by the internal unitary evolution alone when the maintenance scalar is preserved. This leads to the introduction of a contextual coupling parameter and an adaptive admissibility threshold, providing a minimal structural mechanism for regime exit without modifying the inherited Hermitian generator. On this basis, the article derives a regime-dependent spectral filtering principle. When the full state becomes globally inadmissible, admissible continuation is restricted to those spectral sectors that remain individually below the updated threshold. The result is therefore a structural theory of post-breakdown sectorial restriction: threshold crossing does not yet determine a unique outcome, but it does reduce the admissible continuation space to a stable spectral subspace. An optional refinement then introduces robustness-based sector weights, understood not as empirical probabilities but as comparative indices measuring how deeply surviving sectors remain inside the admissible domain. Under additional projective-Hermitian assumptions, the same surviving sectors also carry canonical quadratic projective comparison quantities associated with the inherited spectral projector structure, distinct in general from the robustness weights themselves. The scope of the article remains deliberately limited. No Born rule, no complete collapse dynamics, no unique microscopic selection mechanism, and no distinguished observational coupling are assumed or derived. The paper does not claim to provide a full theory of measurement, but rather isolates the missing transition layer between the stable Hermitian-projective operatorial core of Structural Compatibility III and a first structural account of admissibility loss, contextual threshold crossing, and post-breakdown spectral restriction. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.

•Mar 26, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Kinematics from Renormalization Symmetry: A Convexity-Free Reconstruction in a Timeless Framework (v3)

Sudhakar Rajnikant

(This work presents an initial conceptual formulation of the renormalization-based approach to quantum theory within the TQF framework. A subsequent version 2 develops formulation of the Quantum reconstruction based on a linear state space, providing derivation of quantum-mechanical kinematics—including the emergence of the Hilbert space structure and the Born rule—from resolution independence. Readers primarily interested in the formal derivation are encouraged to consult the later versions, while the present work may be viewed as outlining the guiding ideas and initial physical intuition behind the quantum reconstruction.) The mathematical structure of quantum mechanics is traditionally introduced axiomatically, with the linearity of the state space, the Hilbert space structure, and the Born rule postulated independently. In this work, we investigate whether these features can instead emerge from a fundamental symmetry principle: the absence of a preferred scale, implemented as invariance ofphysical observables under coarse-graining transformations. We formulate a framework in which physical states are represented as functionals over configuration space and are subject to a family of coarse-graining transformations forming a renormalization group (RG) semigroup. Physical observables are required to be invariant under these transformations, while dynamical operators are allowed to transform covariantly withinthe induced RG flow. Under general consistency conditions—including associativity, symmetry, continuity, and invariance under refinement—we show that the admissible composition law of states admits an additive representation up to an invertible reparametrization, leading to a linear structure of the state space in reparametrized variables. Imposing consistency of weight assignments under coarse-graining further constrains the norm, selecting a quadratic form and inducing an inner product structure. As a result, the space of states acquires the structure of a complex Hilbert space without being postulated a priori. Within this framework, probability emerges as a measure induced by the state functional. By analyzing the transformation of weight assignments under coarse-graining, we identify an effective renormalization group flow in the space of admissible probability rules and show that the quadratic rule arises as a distinguished and heuristically stable fixed point. This provides adynamical origin for the Born rule. We further analyze the semiclassical regime, in which coarse-graining suppresses interference between configuration sectors, leading to decoherence and the emergence of effective classical behavior. In this limit, classical dynamics and an effective notion of time arise from the phase of the state functional, and an approximate Schr¨odinger equation is recovered for fluctuations. These results suggest that the core structural features of quantum mechanics can be understood as universal fixed-point properties of an underlying renormalization symmetry acting on the space of states. This perspective provides a conceptual bridge between quantum mechanics and scale-invariant quantum field theories, including the Timeless Quantum Field framework.

•Mar 16, 2026•0 citations

Closure-Induced Complex Structure in Registration Theory: From Conjugate Involution to Compact Phase Action and Algebraic Registration Classes

EUGENE CATRAMBONE

This paper develops a closure-induced complex-structure construction within Registration Theory (RT). Earlier RT work established, under stated assumptions or within canonical finite models, involutive conjugate exchange, hyperbolic reciprocal mixing, retained/current organization, parity structures, invariant closure, persistent localization, receiver-conditioned consequence, and bilateral participant-exchange structures.The present work identifies a precise algebraic bridge between these structures. If persistent closure selects a common two-component sector on which conjugate exchange and closure-orientation parity are involutions and anticommute, then their composition necessarily defines a complex structure whose square is -I. The associated one-parameter action is therefore compact and 2pi-periodic, and closed orbits of that action possess integer winding classes.The result provides a possible Registration Theory route from continuous registration dynamics to algebraically discrete organizational classes without requiring a postulated minimum physical scale. The paper carefully separates this exact algebraic result from two remaining open problems: deriving the common closed sector from primitive registration dynamics, and showing that physically individuated registration succession is generated by or faithfully represented by the compact phase action.The paper also clarifies the ontological ordering of Registration Theory. Registration and registered organization are treated as prior to symmetry descriptions, while space-, time-, and energy-facing variables are treated as mutually related registered expressions rather than independent primitive substances. Normalization geometries are treated as model realizations unless separately derived.The work does not claim a derivation of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space, the Born rule, Planck's constant, electric charge, spin, particle spectra, mass, radiation, gauge theory, or the Standard Model. Its contribution is narrower: it identifies an exact RT-specific algebraic route by which two involutive registration operations can induce a compact complex structure and possible discrete organizational classes, while keeping the remaining physical realization problems explicit.

•Sep 10, 2026•0 citations
This preprint develops the second step of the Structural Compatibility series. Starting from the affine persistence framework established in Structural Compatibility I, it examines the consequences of recurrent compact internal symmetry acting within an admissible persistence regime. The article shows that recurrent internal affine flows have compact closure, and that under a rank-one assumption the connected compact internal symmetry reduces to a circle. After fixed-point reduction and linearization, this symmetry acts on the underlying real state space through orthogonal rotation sectors. On the rotational sector, the action induces a canonical complex structure, an invariant Hermitian comparison form, and a unitary realization of the internal symmetry. Under an additional phase-uniformity assumption, the circle action becomes a genuine global phase acting on the whole state space. This makes it possible to pass to the associated complex projective state space, which then inherits the standard Fubini–Study Kähler geometry. The scope of the result is strictly kinematical. No probabilistic axiom, measurement postulate, or dynamical equation is assumed. The paper does not derive full quantum theory, but identifies a structural route from an affine real persistence regime to the minimal complex-projective kinematical architecture usually taken as one of the starting points of quantum formalism. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.
Structural Compatibility III develops the third step of the Structural Compatibility series. Starting from the complex Hermitian-projective persistence regime obtained in Structural Compatibility II, it identifies the minimal operatorial layer admissible within that setting. The article shows that the infinitesimal internal generators compatible with the inherited Hermitian comparison structure are exactly the Hermitian endomorphisms of the finite-dimensional complex state space. These are introduced as structural observables, understood not as primitive measurement objects but as generators of one-parameter unitary internal flows. From this identification, the paper develops the corresponding spectral architecture. Every structural observable admits a decomposition into orthogonal invariant sectors, together with a complete family of spectral projectors. These projectors induce canonical projective weights on ray space, measuring the relative Hermitian contribution of a ray to each spectral sector. The analysis is then extended to compatible families of observables, yielding joint spectral sectors and multiparameter unitary actions generated by commuting Hermitian operators. A final optional layer shows how this operatorial framework may be coupled to additional ray-level coherence and horizon descriptors coming from the broader finite-horizon maintenance programme. When these descriptors are invariant under a given unitary action, the observable scalar associated with that action extends to a conserved maintenance-compatible quantity. The scope of the result remains strictly kinematical and operatorial. No Born rule, no measurement postulate, no collapse dynamics, and no distinguished physical Hamiltonian are assumed. The paper does not derive a complete physical theory of observables, but isolates the minimal Hermitian-projective operatorial architecture structurally available once the complex persistence regime has been established. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.
This article initiates the Structural Compatibility series within the broader finite-horizon programme. It investigates the structural conditions under which aggregation on a normalized persistence leaf admits a linear normal form. Starting from finite-horizon persistence as a minimal admissibility condition for identifiable regimes, the paper introduces maintainability under perturbations and combinability as structural requirements for internal reorganization. It then restricts attention to an enriched branch in which the normalized persistence leaf is assumed to admit an affine model of internal reorganization. Within this explicitly selected affine setting, the main result is a conditional rigidity theorem: under affine-leaf regularity, scale invariance, and a global bi-affine regularity hypothesis, any admissible aggregation law on the persistence leaf reduces to a linear normal form in affine coordinates. The paper does not claim to derive the full quantum formalism. Rather, it isolates a minimal linear backbone that may underlie richer realizations. Standard quantum theory is therefore discussed only as a compatible enriched realization built on top of this structural pattern, not as a result derived in full. The transition from weaker infinitesimal compatibility conditions to global bi-affinity is identified as the main open integration problem. In this sense, the article should be read as a foundational structural preprint and as the entry point of an enriched branch developed further in the subsequent papers of the series.
Framework position. This paper is a foundational contribution to the internal-symmetry branch of the Closure–Stabilization Framework. It identifies internal symmetry with the stabilizer of a Simultaneously Interlocked Boundary structure (SIB) on an already represented sector. In linear dualizable realizations, the SIB is represented by its annihilator Kμ⊥, recovering the earlier SILM formulation as a special case. The paper therefore places internal symmetry downstream of stabilization, representation, and boundary compatibility, while keeping projective/spinorial external representation sectors conceptually distinct from the internal symmetry acting on their multiplicity or species degrees of freedom. This manuscript develops the internal-symmetry layer of Finite-Resolution Physics (FRP). In FRP, mathematical representation is taken to arise only after operational closure relations stabilize under refinement. The paper asks where internal symmetry enters this architecture and what determines its admissible form. The central claim is that, on a stabilized finite-resolution plateau, admissible representation channels must satisfy joint boundary-coherence constraints across finite-resolution interfaces. These constraints define a finite-dimensional boundary constraint space. The dual annihilator of this space is identified as the algebraic space of Simultaneously Interlocked Lagrange Multipliers, or SILMs. The physical internal symmetry group is then defined as the stabilizer of the SILM space inside the group of finite-resolution-preserving unitary automorphisms that commute with the external carrier action. Thus internal symmetry is not introduced as a primitive kinematical input, nor as an arbitrary gauge group. It is a plateau-relative stabilizer of finite-resolution boundary coherence. The paper also explains how symmetry plateaux correspond to refinement ranges over which the SILM space is canonically identified, while symmetry transitions correspond to changes in the SILM structure. In the finite-dimensional Hermitian case, the resulting stabilizers reduce to products of unitary groups determined by SILM multiplicity data. A simple three-plus-two-plus-one example is discussed as an illustration of the stabilizer mechanism. The paper does not derive the Standard Model gauge group. Rather, it identifies the structural position that any Standard-Model-like internal symmetry would occupy within the FRP architecture: a compact internal stabilizer plateau compatible with a real-carrier, quantum-field-theory-like external structure.
Structural Compatibility IV develops the fourth step of the Structural Compatibility series, explicitly on the basis of the broader Finite-Horizon Structures I–VI framework. Starting from the Hermitian-projective operatorial regime established in the preceding Structural Compatibility articles, it addresses the first major question left open at the end of Structural Compatibility III: what becomes of that operatorial regime when the supplementary maintenance conditions cease to remain admissible. The article introduces an explicit notion of stable maintenance regime and defines maintenance breakdown as a loss of admissible continuation within that regime. It shows that such breakdown should be understood not as annihilation of the state and not as a primitive collapse postulate, but as a regime transition: a previously admissible structural setting reaches a boundary beyond which the same maintenance-compatible description can no longer be sustained. To make this transition analyzable, the paper develops a threshold structure through a stability margin and shows that threshold crossing cannot, in general, be produced by the internal unitary evolution alone when the maintenance scalar is preserved. This leads to the introduction of a contextual coupling parameter and an adaptive admissibility threshold, providing a minimal structural mechanism for regime exit without modifying the inherited Hermitian generator. On this basis, the article derives a regime-dependent spectral filtering principle. When the full state becomes globally inadmissible, admissible continuation is restricted to those spectral sectors that remain individually below the updated threshold. The result is therefore a structural theory of post-breakdown sectorial restriction: threshold crossing does not yet determine a unique outcome, but it does reduce the admissible continuation space to a stable spectral subspace. An optional refinement then introduces robustness-based sector weights, understood not as empirical probabilities but as comparative indices measuring how deeply surviving sectors remain inside the admissible domain. Under additional projective-Hermitian assumptions, the same surviving sectors also carry canonical quadratic projective comparison quantities associated with the inherited spectral projector structure, distinct in general from the robustness weights themselves. The scope of the article remains deliberately limited. No Born rule, no complete collapse dynamics, no unique microscopic selection mechanism, and no distinguished observational coupling are assumed or derived. The paper does not claim to provide a full theory of measurement, but rather isolates the missing transition layer between the stable Hermitian-projective operatorial core of Structural Compatibility III and a first structural account of admissibility loss, contextual threshold crossing, and post-breakdown spectral restriction. This article is part of the Ranesis framework, developed by Alexandre Ramakers.
(This work presents an initial conceptual formulation of the renormalization-based approach to quantum theory within the TQF framework. A subsequent version 2 develops formulation of the Quantum reconstruction based on a linear state space, providing derivation of quantum-mechanical kinematics—including the emergence of the Hilbert space structure and the Born rule—from resolution independence. Readers primarily interested in the formal derivation are encouraged to consult the later versions, while the present work may be viewed as outlining the guiding ideas and initial physical intuition behind the quantum reconstruction.) The mathematical structure of quantum mechanics is traditionally introduced axiomatically, with the linearity of the state space, the Hilbert space structure, and the Born rule postulated independently. In this work, we investigate whether these features can instead emerge from a fundamental symmetry principle: the absence of a preferred scale, implemented as invariance ofphysical observables under coarse-graining transformations. We formulate a framework in which physical states are represented as functionals over configuration space and are subject to a family of coarse-graining transformations forming a renormalization group (RG) semigroup. Physical observables are required to be invariant under these transformations, while dynamical operators are allowed to transform covariantly withinthe induced RG flow. Under general consistency conditions—including associativity, symmetry, continuity, and invariance under refinement—we show that the admissible composition law of states admits an additive representation up to an invertible reparametrization, leading to a linear structure of the state space in reparametrized variables. Imposing consistency of weight assignments under coarse-graining further constrains the norm, selecting a quadratic form and inducing an inner product structure. As a result, the space of states acquires the structure of a complex Hilbert space without being postulated a priori. Within this framework, probability emerges as a measure induced by the state functional. By analyzing the transformation of weight assignments under coarse-graining, we identify an effective renormalization group flow in the space of admissible probability rules and show that the quadratic rule arises as a distinguished and heuristically stable fixed point. This provides adynamical origin for the Born rule. We further analyze the semiclassical regime, in which coarse-graining suppresses interference between configuration sectors, leading to decoherence and the emergence of effective classical behavior. In this limit, classical dynamics and an effective notion of time arise from the phase of the state functional, and an approximate Schr¨odinger equation is recovered for fluctuations. These results suggest that the core structural features of quantum mechanics can be understood as universal fixed-point properties of an underlying renormalization symmetry acting on the space of states. This perspective provides a conceptual bridge between quantum mechanics and scale-invariant quantum field theories, including the Timeless Quantum Field framework.
This paper develops a closure-induced complex-structure construction within Registration Theory (RT). Earlier RT work established, under stated assumptions or within canonical finite models, involutive conjugate exchange, hyperbolic reciprocal mixing, retained/current organization, parity structures, invariant closure, persistent localization, receiver-conditioned consequence, and bilateral participant-exchange structures.The present work identifies a precise algebraic bridge between these structures. If persistent closure selects a common two-component sector on which conjugate exchange and closure-orientation parity are involutions and anticommute, then their composition necessarily defines a complex structure whose square is -I. The associated one-parameter action is therefore compact and 2pi-periodic, and closed orbits of that action possess integer winding classes.The result provides a possible Registration Theory route from continuous registration dynamics to algebraically discrete organizational classes without requiring a postulated minimum physical scale. The paper carefully separates this exact algebraic result from two remaining open problems: deriving the common closed sector from primitive registration dynamics, and showing that physically individuated registration succession is generated by or faithfully represented by the compact phase action.The paper also clarifies the ontological ordering of Registration Theory. Registration and registered organization are treated as prior to symmetry descriptions, while space-, time-, and energy-facing variables are treated as mutually related registered expressions rather than independent primitive substances. Normalization geometries are treated as model realizations unless separately derived.The work does not claim a derivation of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space, the Born rule, Planck's constant, electric charge, spin, particle spectra, mass, radiation, gauge theory, or the Standard Model. Its contribution is narrower: it identifies an exact RT-specific algebraic route by which two involutive registration operations can induce a compact complex structure and possible discrete organizational classes, while keeping the remaining physical realization problems explicit.