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Annalen der Physik

Quantum Mass Sensing Based on a Hybrid Phonon‐Qubit‐Photon‐Magnon System

Qinghong Liao, Jin‐Hua Zhang, Chen-ting Deng

Published Mar 1, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

ABSTRACT A mass sensing scheme is theoretically proposed based on a hybrid phonon‐qubit‐photon‐magnon system. The system is composed of a nanomechanical resonator, a flux qubit, a coplanar waveguide cavity, and a yttrium iron garnet sphere, where the qubit is driven by a strong pumping field and a weak probe field. By employing the all‐optical detection technique, the resonant frequency shift induced by molecular deposition is detected, and the mass of the target particles is determined based on its relationship with the additional mass. We investigated the effect of relevant parameters on the mass sensing sensitivity. The results show that spectral variations can be easily detected by adjusting the cavity‐magnon coupling strength, the decay rate of NAMR, and the Rabi frequency. Furthermore, a nonlinear mass sensing scheme is proposed via the Kerr coefficient spectrum based on this hybrid system. Such performance provides a versatile platform for applications in biological molecule sensing and broader nanomechanical research.

DOI
10.1002/andp.202500536

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ABSTRACT A mass sensing scheme is theoretically proposed based on a hybrid phonon‐qubit‐photon‐magnon system. The system is composed of a nanomechanical resonator, a flux qubit, a coplanar waveguide cavity, and a yttrium iron garnet sphere, where the qubit is driven by a strong pumping field and a weak probe field. By employing the all‐optical detection technique, the resonant frequency shift induced by molecular deposition is detected, and the mass of the target particles is determined based on its relationship with the additional mass. We investigated the effect of relevant parameters on the mass sensing sensitivity. The results show that spectral variations can be easily detected by adjusting the cavity‐magnon coupling strength, the decay rate of NAMR, and the Rabi frequency. Furthermore, a nonlinear mass sensing scheme is proposed via the Kerr coefficient spectrum based on this hybrid system. Such performance provides a versatile platform for applications in biological molecule sensing and broader nanomechanical research.
Abstract The vacuum Rabi splitting and Kerr effect are investigated theoretically in a hybrid spin–magnon–photon system, where the nitrogen‐vacancy center in diamond driven by two light fields is coupled to a spherical micromagnet embedded in a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. The results indicate that the phenomenon of the Mollow triplet and vacuum Rabi splitting can appear by controlling the spin–magnon coupling and magnon–photon coupling. It is shown that the probe absorption spectrum can be adjusted effectively via the pump frequency detuning. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the optical Kerr effect can be tuned by changing the Rabi frequency. This work may provide a possibility for the applications in quantum information processing and quantum sensing of magnetic signal.
Nanomechanical resonator has important applications in the field of high-precision detection because it has a high-Q factor, high vibration frequency, small size, and other excellent characteristics. Superconducting qubit has very large magnetic dipole moments, so it can be easily combined with nanomechanical resonator. Furthermore, the system parameters including frequency and coupling strength can be designed according to requirements beforehand, which makes a superconducting qubit an ideal artificial atom. Compared with natural atom, superconducting qubit has abundant energy levels. For these reasons, nanomechanical system has aroused wide interest in the engineering, electron, physical and other fields of science and technology. According to the recent research, a new approach to the zero eigenvalues of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian is applied to the optomechanical system. It was found that the scheme is superior to conventional photon blockade (CPB) and unconventional photon blockade (UPB) in the cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) system. So we propose a scheme to induce phonon blockade in order to explore a new avenue to the research about phonon blockades in the quantum open system. We study the phonon blockade in an optomechanical system that a qubit is coupled with nanomechanical resonator (NAMR) driven by two external weakly driving fields respectively in this way. In this paper, the Hamiltonian of such a system can be treated by the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and it can be described in the form of matrix. Then the phenomenon of phonon blockade occurs when all the eigenvalues in the form of matrix are equal to zero. It is found that strong phonon antibunching can be triggered in both strong and weak nonlinearity when we use the method which has been already used in a gain optical cavity system. The distinct result reflects the advantage of our approach which possesses some outstanding characters between the ordinary methods (conventional phonon blockade and unconventional phonon blockade). In addition, the effect of our avenue on phonon blockade is analyzed and also the distinction between the conventional phonon blockade (CPNB) and unconventional phonon blockade (UPNB) is compared with each other in detail. By analytical calculation, the optimal conditions are given and the underlying physical mechanism is explained. In the comparison between CPNB and UPNB, we show the superiority of our scheme through some graphs. Finally, we describe briefly the measurements of phonon blockade in the NAMR-qubit system via a superconducting cavity. The proposal may provide a theoretical way to guide the manufacture of phonon devices in the future. The results obtained here may have a great significance and application in the field of quantum information processing and precision measurement.
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental phenomenon in quantum information science and a crucial resource for quantum technologies such as precision sensing, secure communication, and computation. In hybrid cavity magno-optomechanical systems, entanglement among cavity photons, magnons, and phonons enables manipulation of quantum states across different modes via radiation pressure-based light-matter interaction. We propose a hybrid optomechanical cavity-magnonic setup with Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere allowing magnons to couple with photons via magnetic-dipole interaction. The system also uses optomechanical and electrostatic interactions to entangle cavity photons and mechanical resonators. We focus on how the magnon nonlinear Kerr effect and varying coupling strengths influence entanglement dynamics. By analysing nonlinear effects alongside other coupling parameters, we identify optimal conditions for initiating and sustaining robust entanglement between the motional modes (phonons) of two Coulomb-coupled mechanical resonators. Our model predicts that adding Coulomb interaction and magnon coupling enhances the degree and tunability of entanglement, making it more resilient to thermal baths at 3 K. This study addresses how to optimize and sustain phonon-phonon entanglement in complex hybrid quantum systems. These findings offer insights relevant to developing quantum memories for continuous variable quantum information processing and other quantum technologies.
The present work offers a comprehensive theoretical analysis of hybrid magnon-phononphoton systems operating in the nanocavity magnomechanical regime, where magnetostrictive coupling, microwave cavity fields, and mechanical vibrations interact coherently within a single engineered platform. The promising potential of these systems for quantum transduction, phonon-state engineering, and hybrid quantum networks motivates the development of a unified open-quantum-system framework grounded in Heisenberg-Langevin equations and input-output theory, which is applied across a hierarchy of increasingly complex physical regimes. The analysis begins with the derivation of magnon-photon and magnon-phonon coupling strengths for a thin-film device geometry using the Euler-Bernoulli principle, thereby establishing experimentally accessible parameter targets. Under red-detuned microwave driving, beam-splitter-type magnomechanical interactions enable sideband cooling of the mechanical mode and facilitate coherent quantum-state transfer between magnon and phonon subsystems, with quantitative predictions provided for cooperativity and cooling performance. Beyond the linear regime, the intrinsic Kerr nonlinearity of the magnon mode is incorporated, revealing a power-dependent renormalization of the effective magnon detuning. This results in phonon frequency shifts and a pronounced transient enhancement of the phonon damping rate at intermediate drive powers, effects that may be exploited to maximize cooling performance without increasing cavity photon occupation. Finally, a covariance-matrix formalism is developed for evaluating continuous-variable entanglement between the magnon and phonon modes, quantified by the logarithmic negativity. Sideband-selective driving generates robust stationary entanglement that persists against thermal noise across experimentally realized systems. Collectively, these findings establish nanocavity magnomechanics as a versatile platform for coherent quantum control, nonlinear sensing, and the generation of quantum correlations in solid-state hybrid systems.
Abstract It belongs to a hot topic to sense or detect the weak and even ultra-weak physical quantities by utilizing quantum platforms and methods. We here propose a hybrid magnon-photon system of the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) magnon mode coupled to a microwave cavity, which also includes another degree of freedom with respect to the thermal vibration of this YIG microsphere. In this quasi-tripartite coupling system, we generalize the condition for satisfying energy degeneracy and anti-crossing behaviors. Especially around the zero-energy area, we can get the joint quantum effects of anti-crossing behavior and degeneracy of systemic energy, and then reach a significantly enhanced sensitivity to this phase disturbance. Therefore our proposal can characterize this weak vibration through a phase disturbance and indicate a group of clearly resolvable output spectra. This investigation may be considered as an encouraging attempt on sensing weak quantity by engineering the systemic energy into the critical area for further enlarging its sensitivity to the weak disturbance.
Quantum entanglement in cavity magnomechanical system has a wide range of applications in modern quantum technologies. In this work, we propose a theoretical scheme to generate and enhance quantum entanglement through cross-Kerr nonlinearity and mechanical parametric amplification (MPA) in a magnomechanical system. Our system is made of a magnonic mode that is simultaneously driving the acoustic phononic and the center-of-mass motion (CMM) phonon in a yttrium iron garnet sphere. The acoustic mode and the center-of-mass mechanical (CMM) mode are weakly coupled via the phonon hopping rate JmJ_mJm​. Moreover, the magnonic and phononic modes interact through cross-Kerr interaction, while the phononic mode is additionally driven via a Mechanical Parametric Amplification (MPA). Without the mechanical coupling (Jm=0J_m = 0Jm​=0) and the MPA, the generation of entanglement among the subsystems requires a relatively strong effective cross-Kerr coupling. However, when phonon hopping and MPA are accounted, quantum entanglement can be generated even for weak values of the cross-Kerr coupling strength, revealing the key role of these interactions in the engineering of quantum correlations in our proposal. Furthermore, the related purity of the generated entangled states remains high for the same parameter's regime, revealing that the generated quantum entanglement is established without significantly increasing the mixing of the involved states in the system. Our work suggests how robust and stable quantum correlations can be engineered in magnomechanical structures based on nonlinear interactions. These results are useful for modern quantum applications including quantum information processing, quantum communication, and quantum computational tasks.