Abstract Quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) are gaining increasing attention as a new class of models in quantum machine learning, especially for image classification and other computer vision tasks. Recent advances include the development of hybrid classical quantum models, novel quantum coding schemes, and innovative circuit architectures that enable efficient processing of high-dimensional visual data under the constraints of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. Despite the progress in QCNN design, practical deployment of these models is hampered by the complexity of quantum circuit implementation. Circuit depth, gate count, qubit connectivity, and hardware noise pose significant challenges to scalability and performance. As a result, quantum circuit optimization has become a critical area of research aimed at improving the efficiency of QCNNs, reducing quantum resource requirements, and improving classification accuracy. Among various approaches, heuristic and metaheuristic optimization methods such as genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies have shown notable promise in addressing the high-dimensional and non-convex nature of the optimization space. This study presents a systematic literature review of 40 key research papers published between 2014 and 2025, 1 selected through strict inclusion and quality assessment criteria. The review covers key aspects of QCNN development, including architectures, coding strategies, and application areas, followed by an in-depth analysis of optimization method-ologies, objectives, and evaluation metrics. The results reveal emerging trends in hybrid quantum-classical integration, the widespread use of metaheuristic algorithms for circuit tuning, and the importance of multi-objective optimization frameworks tailored to the constraints of quantum computing. This review highlights critical research gaps and outlines future directions for advancing QCNN models and their practical implementation on quantum devices in the near future.
Abstract Quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) are gaining increasing attention as a new class of models in quantum machine learning, especially for image classification and other computer vision tasks. Recent advances include the development of hybrid classical quantum models, novel quantum coding schemes, and innovative circuit architectures that enable efficient processing of high-dimensional visual data under the constraints of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. Despite the progress in QCNN design, practical deployment of these models is hampered by the complexity of quantum circuit implementation. Circuit depth, gate count, qubit connectivity, and hardware noise pose significant challenges to scalability and performance. As a result, quantum circuit optimization has become a critical area of research aimed at improving the efficiency of QCNNs, reducing quantum resource requirements, and improving classification accuracy. Among various approaches, heuristic and metaheuristic optimization methods such as genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies have shown notable promise in addressing the high-dimensional and non-convex nature of the optimization space. This study presents a systematic literature review of 40 key research papers published between 2014 and 2025, 1 selected through strict inclusion and quality assessment criteria. The review covers key aspects of QCNN development, including architectures, coding strategies, and application areas, followed by an in-depth analysis of optimization method-ologies, objectives, and evaluation metrics. The results reveal emerging trends in hybrid quantum-classical integration, the widespread use of metaheuristic algorithms for circuit tuning, and the importance of multi-objective optimization frameworks tailored to the constraints of quantum computing. This review highlights critical research gaps and outlines future directions for advancing QCNN models and their practical implementation on quantum devices in the near future.
Quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) are emerging as promising models in quantum machine learning, particularly for image classification and computer vision tasks. Recent developments include hybrid classical–quantum architectures, advanced quantum encoding methods, and novel circuit designs that improve data processing on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. However, practical implementation remains challenging due to circuit complexity, gate count, qubit connectivity, and hardware noise, which limit scalability and performance. Consequently, quantum circuit optimization has become essential for reducing resource requirements and improving classification accuracy. This study presents a systematic literature review of 40 research papers published between 2014 and 2025. The review covers QCNNs together with closely related quantum neural network (QNN) models and quantum circuit optimization studies, since circuit-optimization techniques are frequently developed for QNNs more broadly rather than for QCNN architectures in isolation. Within this scope, it examines network architectures, encoding strategies, application domains, and optimization techniques, with particular attention to heuristic and metaheuristic approaches such as genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies. The findings highlight growing trends in hybrid quantum–classical integration, the widespread adoption of metaheuristic optimization, and the importance of multi-objective frameworks adapted to quantum hardware constraints. Finally, the review identifies key research gaps and future directions for practical QCNN deployment on near-term quantum devices.
Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) have emerged as one of the most promising architectures in Quantum Machine Learning (QML), enabling hierarchical quantum feature extraction and offering potential advantages over classical CNNs in expressivity and scalability. This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on QCNN development from 2019 to 2025, covering theoretical foundations, model architectures, noise resilience, benchmark performance, and applications in materials informatics, chemistry, image recognition, quantum phase classification, and cybersecurity. The SLR followed PRISMA guidelines, screening 214 publications and selecting 47 primary studies. The review finds that QCNNs consistently outperform classical baselines in small-data and high-dimensional regimes due to quantum feature maps and entanglement-driven locality. Significant limitations include noise sensitivity, limited qubit availability, and a lack of standardized datasets for benchmarking. The novelty of this work lies in providing the first comprehensive synthesis of QCNN research across theory, simulations, and real-hardware deployment, offering a roadmap for research gaps and future directions. The findings confirm that QCNNs are strong candidates for NISQ-era applications, especially in physics-informed learning.
Quantum deep learning (QDL) for image classification has emerged as a rapidly growing research area at the intersection of quantum computing and computer vision. However, the literature remains fragmented across diverse model architectures, datasets, and evaluation settings, making it difficult to obtain a focused understanding of the field. This study presents a systematic review of QDL models for image classification published between 2020 and 2025. The review was conducted using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-based selection process supported by a mapping perspective. Relevant studies were identified from major academic databases, screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and analyzed through a taxonomy-based framework. A total of 47 studies were included and organized into four main architectural categories: Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs), Quantum Vision Transformers (QViT), and Quantum Attention Mechanisms. The findings show that most existing approaches rely on hybrid quantum-classical designs, where quantum components are integrated selectively into specific stages of the learning pipeline rather than replacing the full classical architecture. Several studies report encouraging results, such as improved parameter efficiency, competitive ACC (accuracy), and robustness in specific settings. Current progress remains constrained by hardware noise, limited qubit availability, encoding overhead, scalability challenges, and inconsistent benchmarking practices. It remains a promising but still emerging direction, with future progress expected to depend on more scalable architectures, fairer evaluation protocols, and broader validation on realistic application.
Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have led to the creation of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, which have provided an innovative design to improve classical machine learning. This article focuses on a review of Hybrid Quantum-Classical Neural Networks (H-QCNNs) in image classification, which is an emerging area that attempts to exploit the representational ability of parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) and the proven feature extraction capabilities of classical deep learning. We empirically examine the current tendencies in architecture, such as quanvolutional networks, sequential models, and variational quantum classifiers, and critically assess their performance on standard and custom data. The literature analysis shows a large performance difference between noiseless simulation and execution on real hardware, indicating the highly problematic aspects of scaling beyond binary tasks, quantum noise, and a lack of standardized benchmarking. Moreover, we mention such innovative contributions as the small H-QNN model that offers comparable accuracy, yet meets strict NISQ requirements. Last but not least, the current review offers a systematic taxonomy of H-QCNN architectures, a comparative study of methodology options, and a clear roadmap to future research to reach a workable quantum advantage in computer vision. It is a resource to the beginners as well as a reference to the professionals working in the field, so the field would be moved to more powerful, scalable, and hardware-conscious ways of implementation.
Image classification plays a vital role in large-scale data analysis, especially in object recognition tasks using advanced Deep Learning (DL) frameworks. However, the growing complexity and computational demands of modern DL models have introduced challenges related to scalability and efficiency. Quantum Computing (QC) has emerged as a promising alternative, capable of addressing these limitations by leveraging the principles of Quantum Machine Learning (QML). However, many existing QML models require a large number of qubits, which poses limitations within the current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This work introduces a novel Adaptive Quantum Convolutional Neural Network (AQCNN) designed for efficient and scalable image classification within the constraints of NISQ devices. Addressing the limitations of existing QML approaches, particularly the high qubit requirements, AQCNN incorporates a resource-efficient quantum convolutional layer that performs localized quantum filtering using parameterized quantum circuits. A classical preprocessing layer encodes input features to reduce qubit load, followed by quantum embedding and hybrid quantum-classical layers that optimize feature extraction and classification performance. The model leverages an adaptive quantum convolution strategy, minimizing quantum gate depth and circuit complexity while preserving critical spatial hierarchies in image data. Evaluated on benchmark datasets, AQCNN achieved 95.88% accuracy on MNIST and 95.68% on FMNIST, outperforming comparable QML architectures. Additionally, the model supports scalable execution through parallel quantum circuit arrays, enabling practical deployment on current quantum hardware. This architecture demonstrates a significant advance in quantum-assisted image classification, balancing performance with qubit and gate efficiency. The integration of adaptive quantum convolution and hybrid processing not only enhances classification accuracy but also provides a viable path forward for deploying QML solutions under realistic hardware constraints.
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) has recently emerged as a highly promising research frontier. Within this domain, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs),characterized by Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) at their core and featuring layers of quantum gates optimized by classical algorithms, have garnered significant attention. However, a rigorous and exhaustive evaluation of their practical performance remains largely incomplete. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of three prominent hybrid classical-quantum architectures: Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNN), Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks (QRNN), and Quantum Vision Transformers (QViT), focusing on the critical dimensions of generalization, accuracy, and robustness. Our findings provide novel insights that address previous evaluative gaps. Notably, while these models exhibit exceptional performance on low-feature datasets such as MNIST, their learning efficacy degrades significantly when transitioned to high-feature datasets. Furthermore, convolutional-based models like QCNN appear less effective on high-dimensional data than other machine learning architectures. Additionally, while all models are susceptible to adversarial noise, traditional architectures, such as recurrent and convolutional networks, demonstrate superior resilience. Conversely, in the presence of quantum noise, the transformer-based architecture proves its strength by maintaining high robustness against measurement noise, channel noise, and finite-shot effects, whereas other architectures suffer marked performance declines. These results provide a granular perspective on the current state of the field and underscore the critical importance of tailoring model selection to the constraints of contemporary Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) environments.