Information processing with electronic devices has been the core of the development of technology for the last 60 years, having improvements, new applications, and advances year by year. With this search for new and more advanced ways to process information, a new concept appeared 40 years ago: Quantum computing, which has ceased to be just a concept and has become a reality in recent years, opening the door to new applications, implementations, algorithms, and methods for the development of new and more advanced technologies, with Quantum information science at the core. Quantum machine learning is one of these new fields of study that investigates the interaction of concepts from quantum computation and machine learning. The paradigm of quantum computing and artificial intelligence has been growing steadily in recent years and given the potential of this technology by recognizing the com- puter as a physical system that can take advantage of quantum mechanics for solving problems faster, more efficiently, and accurately, in this work, we present three imple- mentations of applied quantum machine learning: in parallel quantum computation to evaluate the speed-ups of quantum models, in cybersecurity systems for intrusion detection and the implementation of the algorithm quantum Fourier transform for quantum machine learning tasks. The results not only show how successfully quan- tum machine learning can solve current problems but also, progress on how these systems can significantly improve their performance, to achieve Quantum advantage over classical systems. All the experiments presented in this work were executed either on a Quantum simulator or real Quantum Hardware accessible from the plat- forms and frameworks from IBM Quantum, Amazon Web Services, and Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
Information processing with electronic devices has been the core of the development of technology for the last 60 years, having improvements, new applications, and advances year by year. With this search for new and more advanced ways to process information, a new concept appeared 40 years ago: Quantum computing, which has ceased to be just a concept and has become a reality in recent years, opening the door to new applications, implementations, algorithms, and methods for the development of new and more advanced technologies, with Quantum information science at the core. Quantum machine learning is one of these new fields of study that investigates the interaction of concepts from quantum computation and machine learning. The paradigm of quantum computing and artificial intelligence has been growing steadily in recent years and given the potential of this technology by recognizing the com- puter as a physical system that can take advantage of quantum mechanics for solving problems faster, more efficiently, and accurately, in this work, we present three imple- mentations of applied quantum machine learning: in parallel quantum computation to evaluate the speed-ups of quantum models, in cybersecurity systems for intrusion detection and the implementation of the algorithm quantum Fourier transform for quantum machine learning tasks. The results not only show how successfully quan- tum machine learning can solve current problems but also, progress on how these systems can significantly improve their performance, to achieve Quantum advantage over classical systems. All the experiments presented in this work were executed either on a Quantum simulator or real Quantum Hardware accessible from the plat- forms and frameworks from IBM Quantum, Amazon Web Services, and Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
Quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior of nature at atomic and subatomic scales, offers significant advantages over classical physics in various contexts. These advances have laid the foundation for the field of quantum computing, which leverages the unique properties of quantum mechanics to solve complex computational problems more efficiently than classical computers. At the core of quantum computing are qubits, the quantum analogs of classical bits. Unlike classical bits, which are restricted to binary states (0 or 1), qubits utilize superposition and entanglement, enabling them to exist in multiple states simultaneously and interact in ways that amplify computational capabilities. This study presents an overview of quantum algorithms and tools for quantum machine learning, with a focus on recent advancements. Through a comparative analysis and empirical evidence, the research highlights the potential advantages of quantum algorithms in various applications, such as data processing, pattern recognition, and algorithmic complexity. The findings suggest that quantum methods may surpass their classical counterparts in certain domains. However, a key challenge remains: the current limitations of quantum hardware. Despite the theoretical benefits, practical implementation is constrained by the noisy and error-prone nature of quantum devices. Consequently, the experiments conducted in this study were performed in simulation environments, which demonstrated potential improvements when applying quantum paradigms.
The field of Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary research area where the computational power of quantum computing is merged with the learning and decision-making power of AI. The application of quantum principles such as superposition, entanglement and quantum interference to machine learning algorithms has created new possibilities for solving problems that may be difficult to solve by classical machines. In the last few years, advances in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices have helped to speed advances in Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs), Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) and hybrid learning algorithms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the research in the field of Quantum AI from 2020 to 2026, covering the key concepts, novel architectures, algorithmic advancements, and practical applications. A critical assessment of the application of Quantum AI in fields such as healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, scientific computing and optimization problems is provided, and the benefits of quantum-enhanced learning models are discussed. In addition, common difficulties such as quantum hardware limitations, sensitivity to noise, encoding of data, scalability constraints and a lack of speed in training variational quantum circuits are discussed. The review also covers new avenues of research, including trustworthy quantum machine learning, explainable Quantum AI, quantum federated learning, and fault-tolerant quantum computing. The results suggest while practical large-scale deployment is currently limited by existing hardware capabilities, hybrid quantum-classical systems have great potential to rapidly move intelligent data processing and develop next-generation AI systems.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing hardware and software has ushered in a new era for computational science, promising to tackle problems that are intractable for classical computers. Parallelly, machine learning (ML) has revolutionized data analysis and artificial intelligence. The confluence of these two fields, known as Quantum Machine Learning (QML), aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, entanglement, and interference-to enhance and redefine classical machine learning algorithms. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of QML. We begin by elucidating the fundamental quantum concepts that underpin QML approaches. We then present a detailed taxonomy and analysis of prominent QML algorithms, categorizing them into quantum-enhanced classical models and fully quantum models. Key families of algorithms discussed include Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM), Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), and Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs). For each, we explain the theoretical quantum advantage, the circuit implementation, and the current limitations. Furthermore, we delve into the critical challenges facing the practical realization of QML, including the pervasive issue of noise in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, the problem of barren plateaus in training quantum circuits, and the complexities of efficient data encoding (quantum feature maps). We also present a small-scale experimental simulation of a variational quantum classifier on a standardized dataset, demonstrating its principle and comparing its performance with a classical counterpart. Finally, the paper discusses the future trajectory of QML, highlighting the importance of error mitigation, hybrid quantum-classical architectures, and the development of quantum-specific learning inductive biases. We conclude that while fault-tolerant quantum computers remain on the horizon, QML represents a paradigm shift with the potential to deliver profound computational advantages in the coming decades.
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm capable of addressing computational challenges beyond the reach of classical systems.In the current era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, practical quantum hardware is characterized by limited qubit counts, short coherence times, gate errors, and the absence of full error correction.Despite these constraints, significant progress has been made in developing quantum machine learning (QML) techniques tailored to operate on near-term quantum processors.This paper presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Machine Learning in the context of NISQ computing.We first outline the fundamental principles of quantum computing, including qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, followed by a detailed discussion of the NISQ computing model and its hardware limitations.The review then examines hybrid quantum-classical learning frameworks, variational quantum algorithms, quantum data encoding strategies, and noise mitigation techniques that enable practical implementation on existing platforms.Emerging applications across healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, climate modeling, and materials science are also surveyed to highlight the real-world potential of QML.Furthermore, key challenges such as scalability, trainability issues, and algorithmic robustness are analyzed, along with current research efforts aimed at overcoming these barriers.The paper concludes by identifying promising future directions for advancing QML toward quantum advantage.This review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a structured understanding of the capabilities, limitations, and opportunities of quantum machine learning in the NISQ era .
There has been remarkable development in the data-driven decision-making domain of Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, the complexity of the AI models and the amount of data have shown some drawbacks with conventional computing models. One of the interdisciplinary branches of quantum computing and machine learning is Quantum Machine Learning (QML), which is a combination of quantum computing and machine learning and relies on the unique characteristics of quantum computing, such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, to enhance the performance of the machines. This review provides a comprehensive description of theory, architectures, algorithms, implementational approaches, applications, problems, and future directions of QML. The core concepts of quantum computing and machine learning are introduced. Different representations of quantum states, quantum data encoding, variational quantum circuits, quantum kernel methods, and hybrid quantum or classical optimization are discussed. Significant QML algorithms like Quantum Support Vector Machines, Quantum Neural Networks, Variational Quantum Eigen solvers, Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms, and Quantum reinforcement learning are explored and evaluated for computational power and applications. The scaling up of quantum computer sizes, data encoding overhead, complexity of optimizations, benchmarking, and decoherence are discussed in detail, as well as recent developments in fault-tolerant quantum computing and hybrid learning approaches. Finally, a conceptual framework is given to demonstrate the unification of classical computation and quantum computation to intelligently process data. This review demonstrates how QML could be the next-generation computational method to accelerate scientific advancements and enable new advanced AI technologies.
Quantum information technologies, on the one hand, and intelligent learning systems, on the other, are both emergent technologies that are likely to have a transformative impact on our society in the future. The respective underlying fields of basic research-quantum information versus machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI)-have their own specific questions and challenges, which have hitherto been investigated largely independently. However, in a growing body of recent work, researchers have been probing the question of the extent to which these fields can indeed learn and benefit from each other. Quantum ML explores the interaction between quantum computing and ML, investigating how results and techniques from one field can be used to solve the problems of the other. Recently we have witnessed significant breakthroughs in both directions of influence. For instance, quantum computing is finding a vital application in providing speed-ups for ML problems, critical in our 'big data' world. Conversely, ML already permeates many cutting-edge technologies and may become instrumental in advanced quantum technologies. Aside from quantum speed-up in data analysis, or classical ML optimization used in quantum experiments, quantum enhancements have also been (theoretically) demonstrated for interactive learning tasks, highlighting the potential of quantum-enhanced learning agents. Finally, works exploring the use of AI for the very design of quantum experiments and for performing parts of genuine research autonomously, have reported their first successes. Beyond the topics of mutual enhancement-exploring what ML/AI can do for quantum physics and vice versa-researchers have also broached the fundamental issue of quantum generalizations of learning and AI concepts. This deals with questions of the very meaning of learning and intelligence in a world that is fully described by quantum mechanics. In this review, we describe the main ideas, recent developments and progress in a broad spectrum of research investigating ML and AI in the quantum domain.