There is a growing trend in using machine learning techniques for detecting environmental context in communication networks. Machine learning is one of the promising candidate areas where quantum computing can show a quantum advantage over their classical algorithmic counterpart on near term Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. The goal of this paper is to give a practical overview of (supervised) quantum machine learning techniques to be used for indooroutdoor detection. Due to the small number of qubits in current quantum hardware, real application is not yet feasible. Our work is intended to be a starting point for further explorations of quantum machine learning techniques for indoor-outdoor detection.
There is a growing trend in using machine learning techniques for detecting environmental context in communication networks. Machine learning is one of the promising candidate areas where quantum computing can show a quantum advantage over their classical algorithmic counterpart on near term Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. The goal of this paper is to give a practical overview of (supervised) quantum machine learning techniques to be used for indooroutdoor detection. Due to the small number of qubits in current quantum hardware, real application is not yet feasible. Our work is intended to be a starting point for further explorations of quantum machine learning techniques for indoor-outdoor detection.
Communication networks are managed more and more by using artificial intelligence. Anomaly detection, network monitoring and user behaviour are areas where machine learning offers advantages over more traditional methods. However, computer power is increasingly becoming a limiting factor in machine learning tasks. The rise of quantum computers may be helpful here, especially where machine learning is one of the areas where quantum computers are expected to bring an advantage. This paper proposes and evaluates three approaches for using quantum machine learning for a specific task in mobile networks: indoor–outdoor detection. Where current quantum computers are still limited in scale, we show the potential the approaches have when larger systems become available.
Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative paradigm capable of addressing computational challenges beyond the reach of classical systems.In the current era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, practical quantum hardware is characterized by limited qubit counts, short coherence times, gate errors, and the absence of full error correction.Despite these constraints, significant progress has been made in developing quantum machine learning (QML) techniques tailored to operate on near-term quantum processors.This paper presents a comprehensive review of Quantum Machine Learning in the context of NISQ computing.We first outline the fundamental principles of quantum computing, including qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum parallelism, followed by a detailed discussion of the NISQ computing model and its hardware limitations.The review then examines hybrid quantum-classical learning frameworks, variational quantum algorithms, quantum data encoding strategies, and noise mitigation techniques that enable practical implementation on existing platforms.Emerging applications across healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, climate modeling, and materials science are also surveyed to highlight the real-world potential of QML.Furthermore, key challenges such as scalability, trainability issues, and algorithmic robustness are analyzed, along with current research efforts aimed at overcoming these barriers.The paper concludes by identifying promising future directions for advancing QML toward quantum advantage.This review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a structured understanding of the capabilities, limitations, and opportunities of quantum machine learning in the NISQ era .
Motivated by the anticipated advantage of quantum computing in complex tasks, quantum machine learning (QML) combines quantum principles with machine learning (ML) for potential speedups. This paper reviews recent progress in three main directions: (a) Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs), (b) Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs), and (c) quantum kernel methods. Key challenges are highlighted, including data encoding, hardware noise in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) regime, and the importance of standardized benchmarking. Promising strategies to address these challenges include hybrid quantum-classical integration, transfer learning, and algorithm-hardware co-design. Experimental demonstrations on platforms developed by IBM, Google, and IonQ illustrate the feasibility of QML on near-term quantum devices. Looking forward, advances in encoding schemes, noise-resilient circuit design, and domain-specific applications in chemistry, materials, and biomedicine are expected to further accelerate the practical development of QML.
As medium-scale quantum computers progress, the application of quantum algorithms across diverse fields like simulating physical systems, chemistry, optimization, and cryptography becomes more prevalent. However, these quantum computers, known as Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ), are susceptible to noise, prompting the search for applications that can capitalize on quantum advantage without extensive error correction procedures. Since, Machine Learning (ML), particularly Deep Learning (DL), faces challenges due to resource-intensive training and algorithmic opacity. Therefore, this study explores the intersection of quantum computing and ML, focusing on computer vision tasks. Specifically, it evaluates the effectiveness of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, such as the data re-uploading scheme and the patch Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) model, on small-scale quantum devices. Through practical implementation and testing, the study reveals comparable or superior performance of these algorithms compared to classical counterparts, highlighting the potential of leveraging quantum algorithms in ML tasks.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing hardware and software has ushered in a new era for computational science, promising to tackle problems that are intractable for classical computers. Parallelly, machine learning (ML) has revolutionized data analysis and artificial intelligence. The confluence of these two fields, known as Quantum Machine Learning (QML), aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics-such as superposition, entanglement, and interference-to enhance and redefine classical machine learning algorithms. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of QML. We begin by elucidating the fundamental quantum concepts that underpin QML approaches. We then present a detailed taxonomy and analysis of prominent QML algorithms, categorizing them into quantum-enhanced classical models and fully quantum models. Key families of algorithms discussed include Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVM), Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), and Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs). For each, we explain the theoretical quantum advantage, the circuit implementation, and the current limitations. Furthermore, we delve into the critical challenges facing the practical realization of QML, including the pervasive issue of noise in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, the problem of barren plateaus in training quantum circuits, and the complexities of efficient data encoding (quantum feature maps). We also present a small-scale experimental simulation of a variational quantum classifier on a standardized dataset, demonstrating its principle and comparing its performance with a classical counterpart. Finally, the paper discusses the future trajectory of QML, highlighting the importance of error mitigation, hybrid quantum-classical architectures, and the development of quantum-specific learning inductive biases. We conclude that while fault-tolerant quantum computers remain on the horizon, QML represents a paradigm shift with the potential to deliver profound computational advantages in the coming decades.
Quantum machine learning (QML) has emerged as a promising interdisciplinary field that integrates principles of quantum computing with machine learning techniques to address complex computational challenges. By leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement, QML aims to enhance learning efficiency, improve model performance, and enable the exploration of high-dimensional feature spaces that are intractable for classical methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in QML, covering fundamental concepts, algorithmic taxonomies, data encoding techniques, implementation challenges, and real-world applications. Key approaches, including quantum support vector machines (QSVM), variational quantum circuits (VQC), and quantum neural networks (QNN), are systematically analyzed. Furthermore, critical challenges, including noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) limitations, barren plateaus, data encoding bottlenecks, and the lack of demonstrated quantum advantage, are discussed in detail. The review also highlights emerging applications in material informatics, energy systems, healthcare, and optimization problems. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for advancements in quantum hardware, scalable algorithms, hybrid frameworks, and standardized benchmarking. This work aims to provide a structured perspective on the current state of QML and to identify opportunities in deploy it effectively in solve real-world problems.