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Physica Scripta

Genuine Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering in noninertial frames

Ya-Xi Ban, Chang-Yue Zhang, Zhu‐Jun Zheng

Published Feb 27, 2026• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the behavior of (1 → 2) and (2 → 1) genuine tripartite EPR steering in generalized GHZ (GGHZ) states when observers undergo relativistic acceleration, and extend the analysis to network quantum steering in linear networks composed of two Bell states. Within the free Dirac field framework, our results demonstrate that both types of genuine tripartite steering and network steering exhibit monotonic degradation with increasing acceleration. In the single-accelerator scenario, all steering types persist even at infinite acceleration, while physically inaccessible (2 → 1) genuine steering emerges at high accelerations. Strikingly contrasting behavior is observed when two observers accelerate, where sudden death of steering occurs in all cases. Furthermore, we study the dynamical evolution of both genuine tripartite steering and network quantum steering in noninertial frames when one accelerated qubit undergoes decoherence. We reveal a hierarchy of sensitivity for both steering types to different decoherence noises in noninertial frames, and find that genuine tripartite steering and network quantum steering are more sensitive to quantum decoherence effects than to the Unruh effect.

DOI
10.1088/1402-4896/ae4b74

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We investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of quantum steering in a tripartite photonic system subject to dephasing noise. By developing a theoretical framework based on the single-photon dephasing model extended to three independent photons, we analyze the temporal evolution of steering measures SA-BC and SAB-C for two distinct classes of initial states: W-type entangled states and GHZ-type mixed entangled states. The system is studied under various environmental configurations, ranging from fully Markovian to fully non-Markovian regimes, with asymmetric distributions of memory effects across the three photons. Our results reveal that the dynamics of tripartite steering are highly sensitive to both the number of photons coupled to non-Markovian environments and the specific partition of the system being considered. For W-states, non-Markovian effects induce oscillatory behavior with death-revival cycles, where the intervals of sudden death and revival amplitudes depend critically on the distribution of memory effects. For GHZ-states, we observe multiple death-revival cycles in some configurations and prolonged preservation of steering without complete sudden death in others. Notably, we find that non-Markovian environments significantly influence the dynamics of quantum steering through information backflow effects, with their impact depending sensitively on the subsystem to which the environment is coupled and on the roles of the steering and steered parties. These findings demonstrate that non-Markovian effects can significantly influence the preservation and degradation of directional quantum correlations, with their impact depending strongly on the coupling configuration and the choice of steering and steered subsystems. This behavior provides useful insight into the control of quantum steering in photonic networks and related quantum information processing tasks.

Entropy•May 27, 2026•0 citations
Abstract We investigate the behavior of (1 → 2) and (2 → 1) genuine tripartite EPR steering in generalized GHZ (GGHZ) states when observers undergo relativistic acceleration, and extend the analysis to network quantum steering in linear networks composed of two Bell states. Within the free Dirac field framework, our results demonstrate that both types of genuine tripartite steering and network steering exhibit monotonic degradation with increasing acceleration. In the single-accelerator scenario, all steering types persist even at infinite acceleration, while physically inaccessible (2 → 1) genuine steering emerges at high accelerations. Strikingly contrasting behavior is observed when two observers accelerate, where sudden death of steering occurs in all cases. Furthermore, we study the dynamical evolution of both genuine tripartite steering and network quantum steering in noninertial frames when one accelerated qubit undergoes decoherence. We reveal a hierarchy of sensitivity for both steering types to different decoherence noises in noninertial frames, and find that genuine tripartite steering and network quantum steering are more sensitive to quantum decoherence effects than to the Unruh effect.
Abstract The dynamics behaviors of genuine multipartite Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering (GMS) and genuine multipartite nonlocality (GMN) are investigated herein, and how the lost GMS and GMN under a mixed decoherence system can be recovered is explored. Explicitly, the decoherence system can be modeled by that a tripartite Werner‐type state suffers from the non‐Markovian regimes and one subsystem of the tripartite is under a non‐inertial frame. The conditions for steerable and nonlocal states can be obtained with respect to the tripartite Werner‐type state established initially. GMS and GMN are very fragile and vulnerable under the influence of the collective decoherence. GMS and GMN will vanish with growing intensity of the Unruh effect and the non‐Markovian reservoir. Besides, all achievable GMN's states are steerable, while not every steerable state (GMS's state) can achieve nonlocality. This means that the steering–nonlocality hierarchy is still tenable and GMN's states are a strict subset of the GMS's states in such a scenario. Subsequently, an available methodology to recover the damaged GMS and GMN is proposed. It turns out that the lost GMS and GMN can be effectively restored, and the ability of GMS and GMN to suppress the collective decoherence can be enhanced.
Abstract In this letter, the dynamic behavior of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering and the redistribution of EPR steering under a relativistic framework are investigated. Specifically, we explore the scenario that particle A held by Alice is in a flat space–time and another particle B held by Bob entangled with A is in a non-inertial framework. The results show that EPR steering from Alice to Bob is dramatically destroyed by the Unruh effect caused by the acceleration of Bob. Besides, EPR steering possess asymmetry, and EPR steering asymmetry increases with growing intensity of the Unruh effect, implying that the Unruh effect can bring about EPR steering asymmetry. Furthermore, the reduced physically accessible EPR steering from Alice to Bob is distributed to the physically inaccessible EPR steering (from Alice to anti-Bob or from Bob to anti-Bob). Notably, unlike entanglement and quantum discord, only one of the EPR steering from Alice to anti-Bob and Bob to anti-Bob experiences a sudden birth with increase in the acceleration parameter, which means that they cannot simultaneously survive. That is, the monogamous relationship of EPR steering is still tenable in such a scenario. Consequently, we believe that EPR steering could also serve as an important information resource within long-distance quantum secure communication under the relativistic framework.
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering is a peculiar quantum nonlocal correlation and has unique physical characteristics and a wide application prospect. Even more importantly, multipartite steerable states have more vital applications in the future quantum information field. Thus, in this work, we explored the dynamics characteristics of both genuine multipartite steering (GMS) and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) and the relations of both under an open tripartite system. Specifically, the tripartite decoherence system may be modeled by the three parties of a tripartite state that undergo the noisy channels. The conditions for genuine entangled and steerable states can be acquired for the initial tripartite state. The results showed that decoherence noises can degrade the genuine multipartite entanglement and genuine multipartite steering and even induce its death. Explicitly, GME and GMS disappear with the increase in the decoherence strength under the phase damping channel. However, GME and GMS rapidly decay to death with the increase in the channel-noise factor and then come back to life soon after in the bit flip channel. Additionally, the results indicate that GMS is born of GME, but GME does not imply GMS, which means that the set of genuine multipartite steerable states is a strict subset of the set of genuine multipartite entangled states. These conclusions may be useful for discussing the relationship of quantum nonlocal correlations (GME and GMS) in the decoherence systems.
Abstract We investigate tripartite quantum steering dynamics in a three-Unruh–DeWitt-detector system, examining both 1→21\rightarrow 21→2 1 → 2 (i.e., from Alice to Bob and Charlie) and 2→12\rightarrow 12→1 2 → 1 steering (i.e., from Alice and Bob to Charlie) configurations under two paradigmatic entangled initial states: the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) and W states. Our analysis demonstrates that 1→21\rightarrow 21→2 1 → 2 steering exhibits better resistance to Unruh decoherence than 2→12\rightarrow 12→1 2 → 1 steering. Notably, the 1→21\rightarrow 21→2 1 → 2 steering of the W state displays a non-monotonic dependence on the acceleration parameter, indicating that the Unruh effect can, in certain regimes, enhance quantum steering. These results suggest that the Unruh effect plays a dual role in tripartite quantum systems, as it can both enhance and degrade quantum steering. Consequently, moving beyond the conventional interpretation of the Unruh effect as merely a source of decoherence, our study provides a new insight by exploring tripartite quantum steering in a relativistic setting.
We investigate the possibility of multiple uses of a single copy of a three-qubit state for detecting genuine tripartite Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering. A pure three-qubit state of either the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) type or WWW type is shared between two fixed observers in two wings and a sequence of multiple observers in the third wing who perform unsharp or nonprojective measurements. The measurement settings of each of the multiple observers in the third wing are independent and uncorrelated with the measurement settings and outcomes of the previous observers. In such setup, we investigate all possible types of ($2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$) and ($1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$) genuine tripartite EPR steering. For each case, we obtain an upper limit on the number of observers on the third wing who can demonstrate genuine EPR steering through the quantum violation of an appropriate tripartite steering inequality. We show that the GHZ state allows for a higher number of observers compared to the WWW state. Additionally, ($1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2$) genuine steering is possible for a larger range of sharpness parameters compared to ($2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$) genuine steering cases.
We investigate the non-Markovian dynamics of quantum steering in a tripartite photonic system subject to dephasing noise. By developing a theoretical framework based on the single-photon dephasing model extended to three independent photons, we analyze the temporal evolution of steering measures SA-BC and SAB-C for two distinct classes of initial states: W-type entangled states and GHZ-type mixed entangled states. The system is studied under various environmental configurations, ranging from fully Markovian to fully non-Markovian regimes, with asymmetric distributions of memory effects across the three photons. Our results reveal that the dynamics of tripartite steering are highly sensitive to both the number of photons coupled to non-Markovian environments and the specific partition of the system being considered. For W-states, non-Markovian effects induce oscillatory behavior with death-revival cycles, where the intervals of sudden death and revival amplitudes depend critically on the distribution of memory effects. For GHZ-states, we observe multiple death-revival cycles in some configurations and prolonged preservation of steering without complete sudden death in others. Notably, we find that non-Markovian environments significantly influence the dynamics of quantum steering through information backflow effects, with their impact depending sensitively on the subsystem to which the environment is coupled and on the roles of the steering and steered parties. These findings demonstrate that non-Markovian effects can significantly influence the preservation and degradation of directional quantum correlations, with their impact depending strongly on the coupling configuration and the choice of steering and steered subsystems. This behavior provides useful insight into the control of quantum steering in photonic networks and related quantum information processing tasks.