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IEEE Sensors Journal

Enhancing WSN Data Security Using a Randomized Asymmetric Certificateless Arbitrated Quantum Signature Scheme

Ahmed M. Khedr, S. Sheeja Rani, Abo Bakr A. Khedr

Published Feb 24, 2026• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), consisting of spatially distributed sensor nodes (SNs) that collect and transmit data to a base station, often operate in environments where secure communication is critical. Classical cryptographic techniques, while effective, frequently struggle to balance strong confidentiality with low latency, leading to vulnerabilities and inefficiencies. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes the Randomized Asymmetric Certificate-less Arbitrated Quantum Signature (RACAQS) model, a novel quantum-assisted security framework for WSNs. The model integrates the McEliece Certificate-less cryptographic scheme with Arbitrated Quantum Signature mechanisms, ensuring robust confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transmitted data. RACAQS operates through three core phases: key pair generation, arbitrated quantum signcryption, and arbitrated quantum unsigncryption. Through these processes, SNs achieve secure key distribution, quantum-based encryption, and reliable verification with minimal overhead. Simulation results demonstrate that RACAQS achieves up to 4% higher confidentiality, integrity, and packet delivery ratio, and a 14% reduction in computation overhead, compared with existing schemes.

DOI
10.1109/jsen.2026.3665827

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), consisting of spatially distributed sensor nodes (SNs) that collect and transmit data to a base station, often operate in environments where secure communication is critical. Classical cryptographic techniques, while effective, frequently struggle to balance strong confidentiality with low latency, leading to vulnerabilities and inefficiencies. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes the Randomized Asymmetric Certificate-less Arbitrated Quantum Signature (RACAQS) model, a novel quantum-assisted security framework for WSNs. The model integrates the McEliece Certificate-less cryptographic scheme with Arbitrated Quantum Signature mechanisms, ensuring robust confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of transmitted data. RACAQS operates through three core phases: key pair generation, arbitrated quantum signcryption, and arbitrated quantum unsigncryption. Through these processes, SNs achieve secure key distribution, quantum-based encryption, and reliable verification with minimal overhead. Simulation results demonstrate that RACAQS achieves up to 4% higher confidentiality, integrity, and packet delivery ratio, and a 14% reduction in computation overhead, compared with existing schemes.
Quantum computing poses a significant threat to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by undermining traditional cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). This work proposes a quantum-safe architecture for WSNs that integrates post-quantum cryptography (PQC) with lightweight IoT protocols to ensure long-term confidentiality, authenticity, and resilience. The framework leverages ML-KEM for key encapsulation and ML-DSA/SLH-DSA for signatures, and seamlessly integrates with EDHOC, OSCORE, and COSE. A novel Efficient Adaptive Parameter Selection (EAPS) mechanism dynamically adjusts cryptographic strength to balance security, energy consumption, and latency under varying network conditions. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that ciphertext fragmentation (8–27 pieces) results in manageable completion times of 4–10 seconds, while join operations consume only 0.005–0.03 J per cryptographic handshake event, while system-level energy consumption including network overhead is higher (~1.0–1.4 J per join cycle depending on hop count and retransmissions). Battery lifetime projections under steady-state sensing workloads range from approximately 115–280 months for low-duty-cycle operation, whereas realistic deployment conditions with periodic communication yield effective lifetimes of 11.5–24 months. Security analysis confirms robust resistance against downgrade attacks and Harvest-Now-Decrypt-Later (HNDL) threats. Moreover, EAPS reduces risk scores by over 50% compared to fixed schemes with less than 10% additional energy overhead, and batch signature verification improves scalability by increasing throughput from ~1,600 to ~2,800 verifications per second. Overall, the proposed framework demonstrates that WSNs can achieve quantum-resistant security with minimal performance trade-offs, ensuring readiness for the post-quantum era.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are self-organising networks designed for distributed data collection and communication. In this study, the application of quantum cryptography in WSNs is employed by employing quantum teleportation and quantum logic gates to securely transmit data from a source sensor node to a sink node. Specifically, the Toffoli and Peres gates were integrated with quantum teleportation to reduce network constraints and enhance security. The study propose a random Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) pair allocation scheme to mitigate vulnerabilities arising from potentially compromised nodes. In this scheme, EPR-paradox pairs are preassigned as quantum bits to sensor nodes in a random manner. Quantum entanglement within these pairs, combined with quantum teleportation, establishes secure communication links across the wireless network. The results indicate that both Toffoli and Peres gates produce identical output expressions for data transmission between sensor nodes within the network. The proposed framework eliminates the need for traditional key exchange mechanisms, which are known to be vulnerable to interception and computational attacks
The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) applications has led to the large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that incessantly generate and transmit sensitive data over wireless networks.Although the current mostly used symmetric encryption algorithm for securing such networks is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), the advent of quantum computing threatens the long-term security of AES, as well as the weaknesses inherent to the key generation, distribution, and lifecycle management.This research paper proposes a Quantum Enhanced AES framework for IoT based WSNs which integrates the use of Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) based high entropy key generation, key injection against side channel attacks and dynamic session-based rekeying.Compared with classical AES and two state-of-the-art security frameworks based on quantum computing, i.e., QKDassisted AES scheme and lightweight post-quantum security hybrid AES framework, the proposed scheme increases the entropy of the key by about 20% (from 0.82 to 0.99), and lowers the key exposure risk by more than 60% by using session-based rekeying.Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can achieve up to 8 to10% higher throughput and 22% lower end-to-end delay than post-quantum AES schemes, and also prolongs the network lifetime by almost 15% under realistic IoT-WSN workloads.The framework maintains and does not alter the AES standard compliance and does not make any changes to the AES core, thus it ensures practical applicability.These results show that the proposed approach offers a good quantum resilience with low performance and energy overhead, which is suitable for long-lived and security-critical IoT-WSN deployment.
Greater security pledges, reduced latency, and increased energy efficiency are now more important than ever due to the Wireless Sensor Networks' (WSNs) explosive growth. Although they work well for many distributed systems, traditional cryptography techniques are slow for mission-critical sensor applications and are still susceptible to new quantum attackers. In order to improve WSN security and performance, this study proposes a unified framework that combines Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with 5G communication capabilities. This expanded work builds on previous simulation studies before and after the third Doctoral Committee evaluation. It includes a refined 5G-enabled architecture, a lightweight QKD model, and extensive simulations that capture energy consumption, bandwidth variation, latency, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER). The findings show that while QKD maintains robust security even under controlled levels of quantum noise, 5G-assisted WSNs greatly increase bandwidth usage and communication delay. The proposed 5G–QKD WSN consistently delivers decreased latency, stable PDR, and enhanced security without imposing severe energy penalties, according to comparative simulations versus classical LEACH and MULE-based baselines. These results lend credence to the viability of hybrid quantum-enhanced wireless networks for critical infrastructure monitoring, smart environments, and future extensive IoT deployments.
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The requirement of efficient security protocols to protect confidential information from ever evolving cyber threat has been highlighted by the fast implementation of wireless sensor network (WSN) in numerous important domains, including healthcare monitoring, environmental surveillance and military operations. Despite their feasibility, traditional cryptographic approaches are utilized behind the computing capability of recent attackers, including the possibility of future quantum computer attacks. In order to revolutionize WSN security, this study proposes utilizing quantum cryptography and other concepts from quantum computing into the existing framework. This research leads to develop a communication protocol that is extremely safe and against the cyber-attacks. This protocol utilizes the quantum key distribution (QKD) to protect data and granting its confidential. In addition to improving security, the new architectures begin with change that makes WSN more capable of dependable and secure operations in environment where data protection is essential. A complete framework for protecting WSNs from new cyber threats in the future while keeping data transmissions and efficient process with reliability is discussed in this study. This proposed method enhances the dependencies in WSN installation across various industries, which is important for applications that need strong security measures. Evaluation results shows that the proposed method outperformed all existing methods in terms of relevant metrics.