Based on previous research, this paper proposes a revolutionary hypothesis about the essence of electrons. The study first draws on the innovative description of the wave-particle duality of photons in "Hypothesis on the Spatial Motion Mode of Photons", combines the theoretical derivation of the possibility of the existence of ether space in "Several Conjectures on the Existence of Ether", and the breakthrough idea of the electron structure model, and creatively puts forward the "Hypothesis on the Ether Space Structure of Electrons". This hypothesis challenges the traditional view in theories that regard electrons as point particles, and argues that electrons are essentially entities with a wave-particle duality/etherspace structure. This study systematically elaborates on the unique ether vortex structure and quantum dynamic behavior of electrons, constructs a brand-new theoretical framework to explainthewave-particle duality of electrons, and provides new understanding theoretical principles of basic particles such as electrons. This theoretical innovation not only helps to deepen the understanding of the essence of electrons, but may also open up new research-paths for unifying quantum mechanics and classical physics
Based on previous research, this paper proposes a revolutionary hypothesis about the essence of electrons. The study first draws on the innovative description of the wave-particle duality of photons in "Hypothesis on the Spatial Motion Mode of Photons", combines the theoretical derivation of the possibility of the existence of ether space in "Several Conjectures on the Existence of Ether", and the breakthrough idea of the electron structure model, and creatively puts forward the "Hypothesis on the Ether Space Structure of Electrons". This hypothesis challenges the traditional view in theories that regard electrons as point particles, and argues that electrons are essentially entities with a wave-particle duality/etherspace structure. This study systematically elaborates on the unique ether vortex structure and quantum dynamic behavior of electrons, constructs a brand-new theoretical framework to explainthewave-particle duality of electrons, and provides new understanding theoretical principles of basic particles such as electrons. This theoretical innovation not only helps to deepen the understanding of the essence of electrons, but may also open up new research-paths for unifying quantum mechanics and classical physics
Quantum mechanics, as a fundamental theory describing the microscopic world, has driven a revolution in physics over the past century. The wave-particle duality of electrons, as one of the core features of quantum mechanics, challenges the traditional understanding of matter in classical physics. Through wave-particle duality, electrons exhibit wave-like behavior in certain experiments and particle-like properties in others. This paper explores key concepts of quantum mechanics, such as the wave function and the Schrödinger equation, and verifies the wave and particle nature of electrons through experiments such as the double-slit experiment and Compton scattering. In addition, this paper discusses the integration of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics, emphasizing the profound impact of electron duality on modern physics and quantum technology. With the continuous development of quantum technology, the duality of electrons not only provides a theoretical foundation for fields such as quantum computing and quantum communication but also offers new directions for technological innovation in the future.
The traditional theory of wave-particle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wave behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of a single particle, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical picture. Based on modern single-particle emission experiments and basic physical logic, this paper proposes a new explanation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wave property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibration of particles themselves, which is an external manifestation of particle motion rather than an intrinsic attribute. The strength of a particle’s wave property is closely related to its mass: the smaller the mass, the more significant the vibration and the stronger the wave property; the larger the mass, the weaker the vibration and the less obvious the wave property. Wave-like phenomena such as double-slit interference are the statistical distribution results of landing positions caused by the inherent vibration of numerous particles. This paper reconstructs the physical essence of wave-particle phenomena with concise and self-consistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.
A theory employing the vortex shape of the electron was presented to resolve the enigma of the wave-particle duality. Conventions such as “particle” and “wave” were used to describe the behavior of quantum objects such as electrons. A superfluid vacuum formed the base to describe the basic vortex structure and properties of the electron, whereas various formulations derived from hydrodynamic laws described the electron vortex circumference, radius, angular velocity and angular frequency, angular momentum (spin) and magnetic momentum. A vortex electron fully explained the associations between momentum and wave, and hydrodynamic laws were essential in deriving the energy and angular frequency of the electron. In general, an electron traveling in space possesses internal and external motions. To derive the angular frequency of its internal motion, the Compton wavelength was used to represent the length of one cycle of the internal motion that is equal to the circumference of the electron vortex. The angular frequency of the electron vortex was calculated to obtain the same value according to Planck’s theory. A traveling vortex electron has internal and external motions that create a three-dimensional helix trajectory. The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity of the electron is the resultant of its internal and external velocities, being equal to the internal velocity reduced by the Lorentz factor (whose essence is presented in a detailed formulation). The wavelength of the helix trajectory represents the distance traveled by a particle along its axis during one period of revolution around the axis, resulting in the same de Broglie wavelength that corresponds to the helix pitch of the helix. Mathematical formulations were presented to demonstrate the relation between the energy of the vortex and its angular frequency and de Broglie’s wavelength; furthermore, Compton’s and de Broglie’s wavelengths were also differentiated.
Wave-particle duality is widely regarded as one of the conceptual pillars of modern quantum theory, providing the framework through which the behavior of microscopic matter can be consistently interpreted. According to this principle, microscopic entities such as electrons, photons, atoms and even complex molecules exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties depending on the experimental configuration used to observe them. This duality is quantitatively formalized through the De Broglie relation, which associates a wavelength with any particle possessing momentum. The present work provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the physical and mathematical foundations of wave-particle duality, focusing particularly on the De Broglie wavelength and the kinetic energy of the electron in both non-relativistic and relativistic regimes. The connection between the De Broglie hypothesis and Schrödinger’s equation is discussed in detail, highlighting the role of the kinetic energy operator and the interpretation of matter waves in terms of quantum wave packets. Experimental evidence supporting the wave nature of matter, including electron diffraction experiments and interferometry techniques, is also reviewed. Beyond their conceptual importance, these principles underpin several modern technologies, including electron microscopy, nanoscale semiconductor devices and quantum metrology. The analysis demonstrates that the De Broglie relation provides a unifying framework connecting momentum, wavelength and kinetic energy, thereby forming a fundamental bridge between classical mechanics, quantum theory and modern technological applications.
In this study, a radical hypothesis concerning the wave-particle duality exhibited by extremely small objects in nature is explored by developing a Planck lattice model of space–time that grapples with the uncertain dynamic quantum structure of space–time at the Planck scale. Upon applying the Planck lattice model to two notable experiments that most clearly demonstrate the essence of wave-particle duality, one immediately finds that it successfully shows in a relatively straightforward and physically consistent manner how parcels of matter and energy, i.e., electrons and photons, respectively, can behave like waves. The heuristic concepts regarding the underlying structure of space–time contained herein are intended to show the classical particle description of matter and energy as fundamental, while at the same time doing away with the widely held notion of a continuous space–time.
The traditional theory of waveparticle duality holds that microscopic particles are both particles and waves. This view arises from the limitations of early experimental techniques, which equate the statistical wavelike behavior of a large number of particles directly with the essential properties of individual particles, leading to problems such as logical inconsistency and vague physical pictures. Based on the experimental facts of modern singleparticle emission and fundamental physical logic, combined with the real physical effects of doubleslit structures, this paper proposes a new interpretation: the essential nature of microscopic particles is always particle, not wave; the observed wavelike property originates from the inherent, continuous, and omnidirectional tiny vibrations of particles themselves; the significant range of doubleslit interference fringes results from the combined action of particle inherent vibration and slitwall collision scattering. Changing the slit walls to fully absorbing materials can eliminate scattering interference and verify the above mechanism. This paper reconstructs the essential nature of waveparticle phenomena with concise and selfconsistent logic, providing a more intuitive and unified new idea for understanding the microscopic world.