The advent of quantum computing technology has transformed computing technologies into a machine with higher computing power. However, this has also introduced vulnerability challenges, as traditional cryptographic systems are prone to vulnerability to cyber threats, particularly in the context of the IoT. This paper presents a systematic literature survey of the landscape of postquantum cryptographic systems and their impact on the security of connected systems. The paper has explored various key encapsulation mechanisms that are resistant to quantum attacks, existing post-quantum standards, and assessed their applicability in the IoT environments and implementation challenges. The paper highlighted some of the limitations for adopting post-quantum cryptography due to limited existing standards which can be used to enforce the confidentiality, integrity, security, and privacy of data transmitted particularly by IoT connected devices.
The advent of quantum computing technology has transformed computing technologies into a machine with higher computing power. However, this has also introduced vulnerability challenges, as traditional cryptographic systems are prone to vulnerability to cyber threats, particularly in the context of the IoT. This paper presents a systematic literature survey of the landscape of postquantum cryptographic systems and their impact on the security of connected systems. The paper has explored various key encapsulation mechanisms that are resistant to quantum attacks, existing post-quantum standards, and assessed their applicability in the IoT environments and implementation challenges. The paper highlighted some of the limitations for adopting post-quantum cryptography due to limited existing standards which can be used to enforce the confidentiality, integrity, security, and privacy of data transmitted particularly by IoT connected devices.
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has introduced significant security challenges, particularly with the looming threat posed by quantum computing to classical cryptographic algorithms. This paper explores the integration of quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques to secure IoT ecosystems against future quantum attacks. We analyze the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional cryptographic approaches and discuss the implementation feasibility of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) in resource-constrained IoT devices. The study further highlights key PQC algorithms suitable for IoT and evaluates their performance impact. A comparative analysis graph of classical versus quantum-resistant algorithms in IoT environments is presented. This work aims to provide insights and recommendations for adopting quantum-resistant solutions to future-proof IoT security.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is involved in almost every industry, paving the way for innovative applications, including smart cities, intelligent systems, smart homes, smart agriculture, healthcare, and more. However, due to their asset value, these applications are under continuous and evolving cyberattacks. Furthermore, the advent of quantum computing presents a severe threat to traditional cryptographic methods that typically secure IoT systems, potentially rendering existing security mechanisms ineffective against quantum-enabled attacks. To tackle quantum-enabled and traditional cyberattacks, post-quantum cryptography (PQC) has emerged as a promising solution for providing future-proof security for IoT devices and networks against the quantum computing threat. PQC algorithms can resist cyberattacks from classical and quantum computers, ensuring long-term security solutions. This article explores the integration of PQC into practical IoT systems. It highlights the vulnerabilities of classical cryptographic methods and the necessity of transitioning to quantum-resistant solutions. Moreover, the implementation of PQC on IoT systems is analyzed. By proactively exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with PQC, this research lays out future directions for implementing robust, scalable, and secure IoT systems.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly, transforming various aspects of daily life into intelligent systems capable of collecting and exchanging data in real time. At the same time, advances in quantum computing have given rise to powerful quantum computers capable of processing complex tasks at unprecedented speed. This disparity between the limited resources of IoT devices and the capabilities of quantum computers poses significant security challenges. Quantum computers introduce new vulnerabilities that threaten IoT systems, particularly in critical applications such as connected healthcare, industrial networks, smart infrastructure, and secure embedded systems. This study reviews the existing literature on post-quantum cryptography (PQC) applied to IoT devices. It analyzes the characteristics and security requirements of IoT environments, current security technologies, and unresolved issues. It highlights the growing threat of post-quantum attacks and the need to adapt security strategies. Finally, the study explores post-quantum code-based cryptosystems as solutions to enhance the security of resource-constrained IoT applications and ensure their resilience against future challenges.
The rapid deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices across critical infrastructure’s sectors such as healthcare, transportation, and smart cities brings unprecedented security challenges; particularly as quantum computing threatens the classical cryptography. This systematic review analyzes IoT security in relation to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), highlighting vulnerabilities, evolving threat, and cryptographic countermeasures. Using the PRISMA 2020 protocol, our work employed a rigorous and reproducible search strategy, where the initial Boolean query, ((“IoT” OR “Internet of Things”) AND (“Cryptography” OR “Encryption Scheme”) AND “Quantum”), was developed and effectively customized for nine reputable databases to maximize the coverage. From an initial pool of 5,151 publications dated between 2020 and February 12, 2025, a content-based screening was conducted at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. This meticulous filtering resulted in a final corpus of 161 studies deemed relevant for in-depth analysis and synthesis. Then, we categorize and analyze PQC algorithms by vulnerabilities, suitability for resource-constrained IoT environments, performance evaluation, scalability, and quantum resilience. We also identify key limitations in implementations of current cryptographic schemes, including issues in key management and authentication; and outline major challenges such as resource constraints of IoT devices, environmental noise, quantum reversible computing, security vulnerabilities, quantum hardware constraints, and complexities in integration. To counter these threats, we propose a framework of PQC countermeasures and illustrated by a hypothetical case study of PQC adoption in a real-world IoT system. Finally, we propose future research directions in lightweight PQC, hybrid frameworks, improved key management and distribution, addressing quantum distance matters, countering quantum threats, and standardization for IoT environments.
In the current time, the classical cryptographic systems are used worldwide.Cryptography makes the transmission operation secure and it ensure the basic motivation of security such that availability, integrity, confidentially and non-repudiation.The development of quantum computing algorithm such that Shor's algorithm rise the threats towards the classical cryptographic infrastructure particularly in public key infrastructure i.e.RSA and ECC.Also, Grover's algorithm provides the square root time enhancement of searching of keys in the symmetric key cryptography.In this scenario, the fully operation quantum computer will break the classical cryptographic systems, and it is the main reason behind the advancement of post quantum cryptography (PQC).Specially, in the IoT network, the energy constrain end devices have the main issue to implement the strong cryptographic methods to secure the network from quantum attacks.The current available cryptographic methods which are quantum resistance in context of IoT network is thoroughly discussed in the paper.Also, key families of PQC algorithms i.e. lattice-based, code-based, multivariate polynomial based, hash-based, and isogeny-based and the NIST standardization of PQC techniques are investigated.This survey will be work as a bridge between deployment of PQC and existing methods of PQC in context of IoT environment.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way devices communicate and interact, enabling seamless integration into various aspects of daily life by billions of connected devices equipped with small, embedded controllers that monitor and manage our increasingly interconnected world. The swift growth of IoT devices has led to significant concerns about data security and privacy. Traditional cryptographic algorithms, usually lightweight cryptography, are effective against classical computing threats. However, they are vulnerable to attacks from emerging quantum computing technologies, which can quickly solve the mathematically hard problems used in classical cryptography. Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) offers promising solution by providing cryptographic primitives resistant to quantum attacks. This chapter addresses challenges posed by resource constrained IoT devices, like limited processing power and memory. It also explores the integration of PQC algorithms suitable for IoT environments, considering factors like computational efficiency and resistance to quantum attacks.