Abstract Quantum technologies have the potential to play a significant role in future technological and economic advancement. However, our understanding of the specific narratives and topics present in national quantum technology policies is limited, even though these policies are vital for shaping global strategies, progress, and responsible development in the field. In this study, we use narrative policy analysis together with computational topic modeling to examine 55 governmental documents from 24 countries, covering over a decade. Using BERTopic modeling and the Narrative Policy Framework, the results reveal that national initiatives primarily focus on technological leadership for security and economic prosperity, assessing technological readiness, and, to a lesser extent, commercialization, and societal impacts. Over time, we see a trend toward greater alignment in the prevalence of these narratives, with different themes beginning to be considered more equally. Nevertheless, the narrative surrounding responsible quantum development and societal implications remains the least represented. The study shows the strategic priorities of the analyzed countries and introduces an innovative method for analyzing policy texts. Based on the results, we recommend a balanced regulatory approach for quantum technologies that promotes ethical innovation, supports inclusive technological ecosystems, and encourages global collaboration. Furthermore, we caution that an excessive emphasis on leadership and competition may lead to isolated innovation systems that could hinder progress, cooperation, and joint efforts.
Abstract Quantum technologies have the potential to play a significant role in future technological and economic advancement. However, our understanding of the specific narratives and topics present in national quantum technology policies is limited, even though these policies are vital for shaping global strategies, progress, and responsible development in the field. In this study, we use narrative policy analysis together with computational topic modeling to examine 55 governmental documents from 24 countries, covering over a decade. Using BERTopic modeling and the Narrative Policy Framework, the results reveal that national initiatives primarily focus on technological leadership for security and economic prosperity, assessing technological readiness, and, to a lesser extent, commercialization, and societal impacts. Over time, we see a trend toward greater alignment in the prevalence of these narratives, with different themes beginning to be considered more equally. Nevertheless, the narrative surrounding responsible quantum development and societal implications remains the least represented. The study shows the strategic priorities of the analyzed countries and introduces an innovative method for analyzing policy texts. Based on the results, we recommend a balanced regulatory approach for quantum technologies that promotes ethical innovation, supports inclusive technological ecosystems, and encourages global collaboration. Furthermore, we caution that an excessive emphasis on leadership and competition may lead to isolated innovation systems that could hinder progress, cooperation, and joint efforts.
As quantum technologies (QT) move from foundational research toward industrial and societal deployment, national strategies have become critical instruments for shaping the future of this emerging field. In this study, we conduct the first large-scale, data-driven analysis of 62 national quantum strategic documents (QSDs) from 20 countries. Using AI-based natural language processing (topic modeling), we identify 12 topics present in the text, ranging from technical development areas to transversal aspects such as workforce development and governance. Temporal analysis reveals a distinct shift in policy discourse toward applications of QT and commercialisation, and relatively away from basic science. Our findings highlight the increasing diversification of the QT field, and contribute to the growing area of quantum policy studies. We advocate for more AI and data-driven analyses of the quantum ecosystem, to work toward a scalable framework for understanding the technological and societal challenges of the second quantum revolution.
Quantum technologies are rapidly emerging as a transformative force with profound implications for critical infrastructures, national security, and global governance. Quantum computing, quantum communications, and quantum sensing promise unprecedented advances in data processing, secure communications, and environmental and infrastructure monitoring. At the same time, their disruptive potential introduces new ethical, security, and geopolitical risks, particularly for systems that underpin modern societies such as energy networks, telecommunications, finance, transportation, and defence infrastructures. This paper examines the governance of quantum technologies for critical infrastructures, moving from ethical impact assessment to the formulation of coherent national strategies. The study argues that the unique characteristics of quantum technologies — including their high degree of complexity, dual-use nature, and capacity to undermine existing cryptographic and security frameworks — require a shift from reactive regulation to anticipatory and responsible governance. Traditional regulatory approaches are insufficient to address the speed, uncertainty, and strategic relevance of quantum innovation. Instead, the paper emphasizes the need to integrate ethical impact assessment, risk analysis, and societal considerations at the earliest stages of research, development, and deployment. Ethical governance is presented not as a constraint on innovation, but as a foundational element for ensuring trust, resilience, and long-term sustainability. The analysis situates quantum governance within a broader geopolitical context, highlighting how major global actors are investing in quantum capabilities as strategic assets. This competition increases the urgency for coordinated governance frameworks that balance technological sovereignty, security, and international cooperation. Particular attention is given to the protection of critical infrastructures and the transition towards quantum-safe systems, especially in the field of cybersecurity and secure communications. Finally, the paper outlines the implications for national and European strategies, stressing the importance of multi-level governance involving governments, international organisations, industry, and research institutions. It concludes that only a holistic approach — combining ethical foresight, anticipatory governance, and strategic planning — can ensure that quantum technologies enhance societal resilience and security rather than exacerbate systemic vulnerabilities. In this sense, quantum governance becomes a central component of future national strategies for critical infrastructure protection and technological leadership.
As quantum technologies (QT) move from foundational research toward industrial and societal deployment, national strategies have become critical instruments for shaping the future of this emerging field. In this study, we conduct the first large-scale, data-driven analysis of 62 national quantum strategic documents (QSDs) from 20 countries. Using AI-based natural language processing (topic modeling), we extract 12,786 paragraphs and identify 12 topics present in the text, ranging from technical development areas to transversal aspects such as workforce development and governance. Temporal analysis reveals a distinct shift in policy discourse toward applications of QT and commercialisation, and relatively away from basic science. Our findings highlight the increasing diversification of the QT field, and contribute to the growing area of quantum policy studies. We advocate for more AI and data-driven analyses of the quantum ecosystem, to work toward a scalable framework for understanding the technological and societal challenges of the second quantum revolution.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing technology presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges for global governance. This comprehensive study examines the current landscape of international quantum computing regulation, exploring the delicate balance between fostering innovation and addressing security concerns. Through a mixed-methods approach, including policy analysis, expert interviews, and case studies of key countries and regions, we identify significant fragmentation in regulatory approaches, a pressing need for standardization, and ethical considerations that demand immediate attention. Our findings reveal strong stakeholder support for international cooperation, despite geopolitical tensions, and highlight the risk of a growing "quantum divide" between nations. Based on these insights, we propose a series of recommendations, including the establishment of an International Quantum Governance Forum, the adoption of a risk-based adaptive regulatory framework, and the implementation of a Global Quantum Literacy Initiative. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on quantum technology governance and provides a roadmap for policymakers, researchers, and industry leaders to navigate the complexities of regulating this transformative technology. By addressing these challenges proactively, we can harness the full potential of quantum computing while mitigating its risks, ultimately shaping a quantum future that benefits all of humanity.
In the rapidly evolving field of quantum communication, the regulatory framework plays a crucial role in ensuring security, standardization, and international cooperation. This article examines various approaches employed by countries to regulate quantum communication. The purpose of this research is to comprehensively analyze and compare different international approaches to the regulation of quantum communication to identify key features characteristic of the current stage of development and regulation of quantum communication, as well as to develop recommendations for optimizing and improving regulatory governance in this area. The methodological basis of the study consisted of general scientific and special methods. A detailed study of various legal documents, strategies, and standards related to quantum communication was conducted using the following general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, and system analysis. Among the special legal methods used was the comparative legal method, which made it possible to identify general trends, differences, and unique approaches in the regulation of quantum communication, as well as the formal-legal method for studying legal categories and legislative techniques used in various acts in the studied area. The study systematically examines legislative measures, government policies, and industry standards to determine the relationship between technological innovation and regulatory governance in the field of quantum communication. The research revealed that the regulation of quantum communication is primarily carried out at the level of strategic documents, such as national roadmaps, which contain recommendations and guidelines for regulating quantum communication. It was found that technical standards play a vital role in the development of quantum communication, with this development occurring at both national and international levels. Special groups and centers have been established for the effective implementation, development, and regulation of quantum communication, which allows for the identification of social, legal, political, and ethical issues. The main conclusions include the need to monitor administrative barriers, identify priority sectors for the implementation of quantum communication, and recognize quantum communication as a dual-use technology. It is recommended that an international certification and tracking system be created for quantum communication devices for export and import control purposes.
Abstract The burgeoning field of quantum technologies presents a transformative landscape with profound implications for law and development. This abstract outlines some of the rising key issues at this critical intersection, highlighting the urgent need for interdisciplinary engagement and proactive policymaking. The unique characteristics of quantum technologies and related advancements are challenging the existing legal frameworks, particularly in intellectual property. Questions surrounding the patentability of quantum algorithms and hardware, the delicate balance between protecting innovation and fostering open access, and the potential for future patent disputes demand novel legal solutions. Ensuring equitable quantum disparities between developed and developing countries is paramount. Furthermore, the advent of quantum technologies poses a significant threat to current data security protocols. The potential to break existing encryption methods necessitates the rapid development and global adoption of postquantum cryptography. In addition, the societal and ethical implications of enhanced surveillance capabilities of quantum technologies require proactive and careful legal consideration within the privacy and civil liberties framework. Beyond security, there are fundamental ethical and societal considerations with emerging technologies. The dual-use nature of many quantum technologies raises concerns about their potential misuse. Addressing the law and development disparities inherent in this technological revolution is critical. Unequal access to research, funding, and infrastructure risks concentrating the benefits of quantum technologies in a select few nations. International collaborations, flourishing quantum ecosystem, and thoughtful technology transfer policies are essential to ensure that developing countries can participate in and benefit from this progress and enjoy these technologies to the fullest. Finally, the fast pace of innovation necessitates a reevaluation of existing regulatory challenges and innovation bottlenecks. Innovation and development should be fostered, not hindered by regulation. Adapting current legal frameworks and developing new regulations that balance fostering innovation with mitigating potential risks is crucial. There is a pressing need to create international legal standards and shared regulatory framework in the globally interconnected field of quantum technologies. In conclusion, the rise of quantum technologies presents a complex web of ethical, societal, economic, political, legal, and developmental challenges. Addressing these issues effectively requires proactive, collaborative efforts from legal scholars, policymakers, scientists, industry leaders, and the international community to ensure a future where quantum innovation contributes to equitable global development and operates within a robust and ethical legal framework.